Immunology and the Cardiovascular System Lab (Biological & Biomedical Sciences Lab Report)

Your Name:
INSTRUCTIONS:
* On your own and without assistance, complete this Lab 3B Answer Sheet electronically and submit it via the Assignments Folder by the date listed in the Course Schedule (under Syllabus).
* To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.
* Save your Lab 3B Answer Sheet in the following format: LastName_Lab3B (e.g., Smith_Lab3B).
* You should submit your document as a Word (.doc or .docx) or Rich Text Format (.rtf) file for best compatibility.
Pre-Lab Questions
Identify one reason why carbon dioxide is considered a waste product to the body.
It is a waste product because it results from metabolism, a conversion from food to energy, and it can be toxic if its concentration in the body builds up.
How does the pressure in the lungs change when a person inhales? How does it change when a person exhales?
The volume expands, but the pressure reduces.
Explain the role of hemoglobin in the circulatory system in 1 - 2 sentences.
Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body tissues. It releases oxygen at tissues and cellular levels to allow form metabolism and aerobic respiration.
Based on your knowledge of the circulatory system and red blood cells, how do you think carbon monoxide poisoning works? Conduct external research for your answer if necessary.
Carbon monoxide (CO) can lead to death due to poisoning. CO produces toxicity by binding to hemoglobin, thereby reducing oxygen-carrying capacity and binding to myoglobin, which may impair cardiac output and result in cerebral ischemia.
Exercise 1: Observation of Blood
Post-Lab Questions
EXERCISE 1: OBSERVATION OF BLOOD
Post-Lab Questions
1 Based on your observations of the slide images, what is the most prevalent cell type in blood? Why do you think that is?
Neutrophils
2 How do the sickled red blood cells vary from the normal red blood cells? How might this affect their ability to function in the circulatory system?
Sickle hemoglobin is different from normal hemoglobin by a single amino acid: valine, which glutamate at position six on the surface of the beta chain. The disorders reduce the capacity of the hemoglobin to carry oxygen. They also tend to stick together.
3 What characteristics distinguish erythrocytes from other blood cells?
RBCs do not have the nucleus
Exercise 2: Blood Typing
Data Sheet
Table 3: Blood Typing Results

A (Blood Sample A)

B (Blood Sample B)

C (Blood Sample C)

1 (Anti-A Serum)

Agglutination occurs

no agglutination

No agglutination

2 (Anti-B Serum)

No agglutination

agglutination occurs

no agglutination

3 (Anti-Rh Serum)

agglutination occurs

agglutination occurs

agglutination occurs

Blood Type:

Blood group A Rhesus positive

blood group B Rhesus positive

blood group
O Rhesus positive

Post-Lab Questions
What determines blood type?
Antigen present, which include A, B, and Rhesus factor
What type of blood antigens are expressed if a person is blood type AB-negative?
A, B, but without the Rhesus factor.
Why doesn’t a negative transfusion reaction occur the first time an Rh-positive patient is exposed to Rh-negative blood?
The antibodies are not yet formed because their development depends on prior exposure to antigens.
Exercise 3: Understanding Lung Mechanics
Post-Lab Questions
What happens to the balloon inside the bottle when the bottom of the balloon is stretched?
It expands
What happens to the balloon inside the bottle when the bottom of the balloon is stretched after the bottle has been punctured
The balloon collapses
What component of the respiratory system does the balloon inside the bottle represent?
Lungs
What component of the respiratory system does the balloon at the bottom of the bottle represent?
Diaphragm
What component of the respiratory system does the bottle represent?
Chest or ribcage
What explains any difference in the response after puncturing a hole in the bottle? How does this relate to the human respiratory system function?
The balloon collapses due to the entry of air. A fractured rib can allow entry of the air into the lungs causes leading to collapse lungs partially.
Exercise 4: Virtual Model - The Circulatory System
Post-Lab Questions
In what body region does the aorta originate?
It originates from the left ventricle of the heart.
Into what organ(s) does the renal artery empty?
Kidneys
What artery supplies the chin/jaw region of the head with blood?
The inferior alveolar artery
Is the common iliac vein anterior or posterior to the femoral artery?...