Question 1: European Global Inequality

Student’s Name: Instructor’s Name: Course Number: Date: Question 1: EUROPEAN GLOBAL INEQUALITY In the world right now, particularly in the European nations, wealth is concentrated among its wealthy and the richest citizens whereas the middle class continues to disappear slowly by slowly. In this context, global inequality is the concentration of the normally scarce resources in specific nations, significantly impacting the opportunities of people in poorer, less developed and less powerful countries. This activity has been witnessed in the European nations being continued from the European empires since the 15th Century in the history of colonialism and imperialism. This research seeks to identify the ways in which the nations has perpetuated the notion of global inequality from the era of colonialism to date. Firstly, there were pronounced trends in income inequality between nations in Europe before 1914 and especially 1815 where there were changes in inequality in the regions within and between Europe. This was the time when the real concept of global inequality was introduced as opposed to the existing form of conventional inequality. Notermans states that Europe started to have high accounts of income different from other nations that they extended their territories in to, the nations were subjected in to low incomes (468). This type of income inequality caused a significant increase in the cost of the prices of stable foods and a difference in the type of food consumed by the rich and the poor between 1500 and 1815. Poor countries, governed and taken over by the Europeans consumed low quality and low priced food compared to rich nations which spent high amounts of money on food due to high incomes. Secondly, the continent used the terminology of Cold War to extend its global inequality describing it in terms of countries' economic development. This was during the periods between 1945 and 1980 where the whole world was divided between communist and capitalist economic systems. The system further divided the nations according to their respective geopolitical aims and is still familiar and used by several government systems in the world today. In detail, the system classified nations in to first world, second world and third world countries laying basis on their respective overall economic development and standards and cost of living (Notermans 469). This method of creating and perpetuating global inequality classified certain countries as the United States, Japan and Canada as capitalistic democracies and termed as first world countries which are economically developed and with high standards of living. Secondly, the underdeveloped and the poorest nations such as Africa, Latin America and Asia were classified in to the third world category. The Soviet Union bloc countries were divided in to the second world division. Reserve army of labour is a concept popularized by Karl Marx in his critique of political economy. The concept refers to the unemployed and underemployed individuals in a capitalist society and its relation to the concept of surplus population (Basu 180). The Neoclassical theory of immigration with both macro and micro framework models state that migration is facilitated by differences in returns to the labour force across markets. The global south nations are generally third world countries that have the view of migrating in to the developed nations of America for economic developments and to enhance their standards of living (Stark 18). Therefore, with the difference or imbalanced labour force in the market of economic development, these nations are referred to as reserve army for labour because they contain huge populations of unemployed individuals. Secondly, the new economics theory of immigration challenges the credit previous theory by stating that the decision of immigration and migration, in general, is not made by individual personalities but figuratively by families or households. Furthermore, the theory states that the decision is typically facilitated by a comprehensive set of factors that impact the economic state of the home nation (Stark 21). As such, migrant decisions are a reflective response to the state of the nation and the risk of income and the failure of various economic markets such as labour markets, insurance markets and credit market. Therefore, the global south or poor nations are termed as reserve army for labour because of their failure to enhance profitability of their investments in several markets of labour, credit, social markets and job security as well as foreign investments that make them a surplus labour populations for developed nations. Thirdly, the dual labour market theory of immigration creates an interconnection to the structural changes in the economy of a nation and the need of primary labour by the demanding nation. In this theory, both types of labour are utilized, the capital intensive labour where both skilled and unskilled labour are utilized by the demanding nation, and the labour intensive category where only unskilled labour is utilized (Stark 30). The dual labour market theory argues that the main factor of immigration is the demand of labour rather than its supply. In light to the theory, poorer countries are termed as surplus supplies of labour because of the low status of the members of the nations and their failure to take up labour markets in developed nations due to the formal methods of recruitment used. Moreover, their failure to adopting advanced technology contributes to the low status of such countries. In my point of view, the three theories of immigration mentioned above are not sufficient in explaining the patterns of immigration and migration. This is because labour and search of labour is not the only factor that facilitate immigration. There are many other factors such as education, political and social instability, spirit of adventure and certain unfortunate recommendations by the government such as being deported for security reasons (Basu 205). Works Cited Basu, D. (2013). The Reserve Army of Labor in the Postwar U. S. Economy. Science & Society, 77(2), 179-201. doi: 10.1521/siso.2013.77.2.179 Notermans, T. (2015). European social models from crisis to crisis: employment and inequality in the era of monetary integration. Global Affairs, 1(4-5), 468-469. doi: 10.1080/23340460.2015.1037583 Stark, O. (2017). Global Integration and World Migration. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi: 10 (2) 1-39 12637/ssrn.2930872 Question 2: HISTORY OF THE CHINESE MIGRATION IN TO THE U.S. The history of the modern Chinese Americans draws back to their migration in to the United States of America in the 19th Century. The migration of the Chinese, however, faced a tremendous account of resistance from the natives as they were being viewed and termed as aliens by the whites. Nonetheless, the Chinese have had a plausible experience in the U.S as well as a significant impact on the economy and development of not only the US but the whole of America, in general. The resistance was marked by the activation of the Chinese Exclusion Act whose aim was to prohibit the immigration of Chinese in to the U.S for the following ten years, activities of which have been clearly captured by the 2017 film, Chinese Exclusion Act. This text aims at analysing the information of the film by explaining the means used by the Chinese in their migration, reasons for their migration and their long term impact on the economy of the U.S. The Chinese reached North America during the time when there was a fight for the rule over Philippines by the Spanish colonies between 1565 and 1815. The Chinese arrived at North America through their establishment as sailors, fishermen and merchants on Spanish in galleons that travelled between the coasts and ports of Philippines and Mexico. They settled in California, a town that initially belonged to them in 1848 (McKeown 160). Secondly, the Chinese immigrated in to the U.S as traders. This was shortly after the American Revolutionary War when the U.S came in first contact with the Chinese and formed what was called the Maritime Trade with Qing at the commercial port of Canton, also known as Guangzhou. This was the main trade route between China and New England, later joined by the U.S and when the Chinese informed their colleagues back in China, they were curious and decided to sail also as traders and merchants. Subsequent immigrants in to the U.S i...