Read the readings and answer the two questions. Social Sciences Essay

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Clash of civilization
Introduction
The clash of civilizations focuses on the aspect of the powerful forces that drive global politics in the current times and the future centuries. In this context, the expansion of the West has led towards the promotion of modernization as well as the Westernization of the other societies across the world. This has triggered different forms of responses from the political leadership as well as intellectual leaders that have been adopted to respond to the impact. At this point, three cases are possible: either rejecting both modernization and Westernization, accepting both, and possibly accepting either of the two and rejecting another (Huntingdon 56-57).
Rejectionism
In the context of the spread of the English language, rejectionism is eminent in the aspect that a number of civilizations only limited the forms of modernization that they could permit. For instance, there was an intensive expelling of Westerners from Japan and China in the mid-17th century. There was the aspect of barring some of the significant modernization from the West from the rejectionist stance. Such rejection in China was based on the belief that there was no other superior culture other than the Chinese since China’s rejectionist policy was rooted in the Chinese image of self (Huntingdon 72).
Kemalism
This response to Westernization involved the embracing of both modernization as well as Westernization. This was basically based on the assumption that it was a necessity to embrace modernization since it was desirable. In this case, the indigenous culture had to be abandoned since it did not allow compatibility with modernization which was seen as the acceptable vehicle for Westernization of the societies. This approach was adopted by the Japanese as well as Chinese scholars who accepted the fact that the modernization of their societies required that they abandon their historic languages to adopt English as the national language. In this case, it was acceptable that the values, moral assumptions, as well as society structures communicated by use of English language, seem superior. For the purposes of escaping the concept of anomy, civilizations had but to accept modernization through Westernization, therefore, the content could only be emulated through adopting English as a universal language. In this case, the European languages alongside the Western educational institutions became the easiest vehicles used to encourage freethinking alongside easy living. The acceptance of the English model as the universal language was the only possible way of positioning any society to technically develop (Huntingdon 73).
Reformism
This entails the art of rejection that entails the act of isolating any society from the concepts of the shrinking world. In this case, Kemalism focuses on the destruction of an existing culture and replacing it with a new form of culture imported from another outside civilization. In the English language context, the aspect of reformism involves the act of attempting to combine modernization of language through the preservation of the central values, practices as well as institutions that present the indigenous language and culture. For instance, in the Chinese context, the slogan Ti-Yong was used to refer to, “Chinese learning for the fundamental principles, and Western learning for practical use” (Huntingdon 73).
Consequently, rejectionism, Kemalism as well as reformism are all based on different assumptions on the aspects that could be seen as possible and desirable. In the case of rejectionism, modernization and Westernization through the English language seem undesirable since there are high possibilities of rejecting both. The perspective of Kemalism asserts that the use of the English language is indispensable to achieve modernization. However, the perspective of the reformist ascends to the fact that the substantial use of the English language is not necessary for modernization to take place. At this juncture, it is possible to realize that there is a conflict between rejectionism and Kemalism of English language towards ensuring the attainment of modernization. At the same time, conflict can be identified between Kemalism and reformism based on the fact that modernization is possible without necessarily fully adopting the concept of the English language (Huntingdon 74).
Why are monotheistic religions more likely to trigger inter-civilizational conflicts than polytheistic religions?
The nature of the monotheistic religions as depicted from the two religions Christianity and Islam produced some ongoing pattern of conflict that depends neither on the transitory phenomena such as the Christian passion nor the 20th-century Muslim fundamentalism. However, the nature of the conflict as observed resulted from the nature of the civilizations and religion that are based on the two monotheistic religions. The conflict as witnessed could be counted to be the product of the existing differences between the Muslim concept adopted as one of the means where life transcends as well as the unity of religion and politics. However, on the contrary, the Western Christian concepts focused on the separate extremes of the aspect of God and Caesar. At the same time, the nature of the conflict can also be stemm...