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4 pages/≈1100 words
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History
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Essay
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English (U.S.)
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Final animals and society paper
Essay Instructions:
HIST 231 ANIMALS AND SOCIETY
FALL 2024 Final Exam
I. Essays (50% each): Your essay should be based on historical evidence drawn from the course materials (including lectures, readings, and images). The combined length of the two essays (double-spaced, Times New Roman, font size 12, and 1-inch margins all around) must be between 5 and 6 pages. Points will be deducted for excessive length (1 point per line).
Essay I (50%)
At lunch, you get into a big discussion with your friend, Possum, about animals. Your friend insists that pets have always been peripheral to human society. “They have never meant much,” Possum declares. Do you agree? If so, why? Or do you think that pets have played an important and multifaceted role in human history and that they were rich in social, cultural, and economic significance? Please use historical evidence drawn from the lectures and readings to support your argument. (You essay should refer to Kalof and Fitzerald, eds., The Animal Reader, ch. 20 and Herzog, ch. 4).
Essay II (50%)
We discussed the dynamics between entertainment and education (or claims of educational value) in the display of animals at various cultural institutions, including circuses, zoos, museums, and nature documentaries. Please use evidence drawn from the course contents to discuss this dynamics.
II. Multiple Choice (1% each):
1. What does PETA stand for? a. a kind of bread; b. another name for bubble tea; c. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.
2. The film Free Willy is about a. Willy Wonka; b. an orca; c. a dog named Hachiko.
Citation Examples:
Readings: (Essig, 117)
Lectures/Discussions: (Fan, 9/18)
Paper due 12/10, 11pm. Late submission will be penalized by deduction of 15 points every 24 hours.
* Please upload your essays (in one document) to Turnitin. Your TA will give detailed instructions as to where and how to upload your paper. Only pdf file will be accepted.
* Please note that this is a take-home exam. You must complete the essays on your own without assistance from any person or AI tools. Violations of this rule will result in failing the Final Exam.
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Part I: The Role of Animals in Shaping Human Societies: A Historical Perspective
Animals and people have interacted for centuries and have been socially influential throughout history (Stanford Report). In this paper, the author seeks to demonstrate that animals shaped history by enhancing advanced methods in food production, positive representation in cultures and religions, and managerial social questions of the relationship between humans and animals that, to date, continue to evolve. Concerning the course, this paper focuses on how human-animal relationships impact economies, religion, and ethics.
Farming animals changed the whole farming technique and was the initial basis of early societies. Most of the changes in political and labeling rights under the United Nations Convention occurred during the Neolithic Revolution, when human beings lived in groups, drew water, and dwelled with animals for work, food, and fabric. For example, oxen and horses are more important than other animals because these can be used in livelihood to enhance agricultural fields and market systems via tilling fields and carriage of produce, respectively (Schapper and Bliss).
Consequently, cattle, sheep, and goats helped people get animal products such as milk, flesh, wool, etc. These also supported population growth and predial society evolution with economic stratification. It has stressed the importance of animal domestication as the only process crucial for anthropological change in man. With the animals assisting early civilizations in getting to where they wanted to be, it was easier to achieve that stability and surplus that could lead them to grow culturally and technology-wise (Cooper). Native peoples set aside animals as emblems of their clans and the sole powers that directed them. Moreover, animals found in religion and arts include cave paintings and sculptures (Weatherdon).
Next, animal rights have raised fundamental moral questions that people have posed in society, shaping how societies have harbored feelings towards the creatures. More specifically, in the past, people interacted with animals in ways that we today consider irrational (Jones).
Among the oldest thoughts of philosophical minds is the Pythagorean perception regarding moral concern about animals, thus opening the ground for animal ethics in the present society (Gruen and Monsó). Consequently, the earlier industrial process introduced developments like factory farming and the high usage of animals in production, thus raising questions about the welfare of animals. When it comes to animals, new attitudes were considered in the frameworks of the materials, and the objectification of animals and their value were shifted. These ethical issues continue to the present and are at the root of how societies worldwide consider subjects of concern, not humans (Kirsch et al.).
Therefore, in all their uses, animals have benefitted society equally regarding agriculture, not forgetting the symbolism, and secondly, as ethical beings. Not only did they meet or sustain necessities like food and economy, but they also contributed to art and heritage and created awareness and concern regarding moral lessons and ethical standards. Analyzing the present-day issues of sustainable development and man-animal conflicts, one can clearly understand how the proper interaction and respect for past and present relationships are shown.
Works Cited
Cooper, Elisabeth J. “Warmer Shorter Winters Disrupt Arc...
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