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Five Concepts That Can Be Traced Back to Classical Antiquity
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Five Concepts That Can Be Traced Back Classical Antiquity
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Five Concepts That Can Be Traced Back to Classical Antiquity
How much of what we know today can be traced back in antiquity? Though we pride ourselves as modern men, the reality is that we are only beginning to discover the nature of man and his natural environment. In fact, much of the institutions and philosophies we use in our modern civilization actually have roots from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. In fact, the very American notion of democracy didn’t really start with the Declaration of Independence, but rather, in Athens in the 6th Century B.C.E., and our penchant for freedom, since the beginning of time. In this paper, the origins of five concepts will be discussed – (1) the right for life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, (2) the government as a protector of the rights of men, (3) democracy and the roots of representation, and (4) the right of the people to overthrow a government that does not serve its purpose (5) the three institutions of the government – in order to understand the real meaning behind these concepts.
THE RIGHT FOR LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS
The Declaration of Independence states that all mean are equal, and that they have inalienable rights – the right to "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 487c5286-8b91-4dd4-bd34-aee33c110437 PFBsYWNlaG9sZGVyPg0KICA8QWRkSW5WZXJzaW9uPjUuMi4wLjg8L0FkZEluVmVyc2lvbj4NCiAgPElkPjQ4N2M1Mjg2LThiOTEtNGRkNC1iZDM0LWFlZTMzYzExMDQzNzwvSWQ+DQogIDxFbnRyaWVzPg0KICAgIDxFbnRyeT4NCiAgICAgIDxJZD5lNWIzNDQzMS00ODJjLTRkMTctYWFjOS03YWRmMGUwZTdhYTU8L0lkPg0KICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZUlkPjExMTc2ZTk5LTVlYWMtNGU1Yi1iOWJmLTUyN2E2ZjQ4ZDNiNzwvUmVmZXJlbmNlSWQ+DQogICAgICA8UmFuZ2U+DQogICAgICAgIDxTdGFydD4wPC9TdGFydD4NCiAgICAgICAgPExlbmd0aD4xMTwvTGVuZ3RoPg0KICAgICAgPC9SYW5nZT4NCiAgICAgIDxSZWZlcmVuY2U+DQogICAgICAgIDxSZWZlcmVuY2VUeXBlSWQ+SW50ZXJuZXREb2N1bWVudDwvUmVmZXJlbmNlVHlwZUlkPg0KICAgICAgICA8QXV0aG9ycz4NCiAgICAgICAgICA8UGVyc29uPg0KICAgICAgICAgICAgPEZpcnN0TmFtZT5UaG9tYXM8L0ZpcnN0TmFtZT4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxMYXN0TmFtZT5KZWZmZXJzb248L0xhc3ROYW1lPg0KICAgICAgICAgICAgPFNleD5NYWxlPC9TZXg+DQogICAgICAgICAgPC9QZXJzb24+DQogICAgICAgIDwvQXV0aG9ycz4NCiAgICAgICAgPEFjY2Vzc0RhdGU+QXByaWwgNiwgMjAxNTwvQWNjZXNzRGF0ZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPERhdGU+MjAxNjwvRGF0ZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPElkPjExMTc2ZTk5LTVlYWMtNGU1Yi1iOWJmLTUyN2E2ZjQ4ZDNiNzwvSWQ+DQogICAgICAgIDxMb2NhdGlvbnM+DQogICAgICAgICAgPExvY2F0aW9uPg0KICAgICAgICAgICAgPEFkZHJlc3M+aHR0cDovL3d3dy5hcmNoaXZlcy5nb3YvZXhoaWJpdHMvY2hhcnRlcnMvZGVjbGFyYXRpb25fdHJhbnNjcmlwdC5odG1sPC9BZGRyZXNzPg0KICAgICAgICAgICAgPExvY2F0aW9uVHlwZT5FbGVjdHJvbmljQWRkcmVzczwvTG9jYXRpb25UeXBlPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDwvTG9jYXRpb24+DQogICAgICAgIDwvTG9jYXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICA8T25saW5lQWRkcmVzcz5odHRwOi8vd3d3LmFyY2hpdmVzLmdvdi9leGhpYml0cy9jaGFydGVycy9kZWNsYXJhdGlvbl90cmFuc2NyaXB0Lmh0bWw8L09ubGluZUFkZHJlc3M+DQogICAgICAgIDxQbGFjZU9mUHVibGljYXRpb24+QXJjaGl2ZS5Hb3Y8L1BsYWNlT2ZQdWJsaWNhdGlvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgPFNob3J0VGl0bGU+SmVmZmVyc29uIDE3NzYg4oCTIERlY2xhcmF0aW9uIG9mIEluZGVwZW5kZW5jZTwvU2hvcnRUaXRsZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFN1YnRpdGxlPkEgVHJhbnNjcmlwdGlvbjwvU3VidGl0bGU+DQogICAgICAgIDxUaXRsZT5EZWNsYXJhdGlvbiBvZiBJbmRlcGVuZGVuY2U8L1RpdGxlPg0KICAgICAgICA8WWVhcj4xNzc2PC9ZZWFyPg0KICAgICAgPC9SZWZlcmVuY2U+DQogICAgPC9FbnRyeT4NCiAgPC9FbnRyaWVzPg0KICA8VGV4dD4oSmVmZmVyc29uKTwvVGV4dD4NCiAgPFRleHRVbml0cz4NCiAgICA8VGV4dFVuaXQ+DQogICAgICA8SW5zZXJ0UGFyYWdyYXBoQWZ0ZXI+ZmFsc2U8L0luc2VydFBhcmFncmFwaEFmdGVyPg0KICAgICAgPEZvbnROYW1lIC8+DQogICAgICA8Rm9udFN0eWxlPg0KICAgICAgICA8TmV1dHJhbD50cnVlPC9OZXV0cmFsPg0KICAgICAgICA8TmFtZSAvPg0KICAgICAgPC9Gb250U3R5bGU+DQogICAgICA8Rm9udFNpemU+MDwvRm9udFNpemU+DQogICAgICA8VGV4dD4oSmVmZmVyc29uKTwvVGV4dD4NCiAgICA8L1RleHRVbml0Pg0KICA8L1RleHRVbml0cz4NCjwvUGxhY2Vob2xkZXI+(Jefferson). Researches into the Declaration reveal that these rights may be traced back to John Locke, who is considered as a founder of liberal political philosophy, which is the basis of all Western political systems today. Locke’s philosophy is not based on moral law, where men have the duty to abide by the natural law. Rather, it is based on natural rights, where all human beings have an inherent right to "preserve himself, to pursue his own good – essentially, to do as he wishes" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER e6594d83-fd22-4658-8ce2-fabf98cc33b6 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(Forde). This, for Locke, is man’s natural state of being. Unfortunately, for some, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness mean competition for resources – where men pursue wealth and status, disregarding the right of his fellow to live a comfortable, dignified life.
But this isn’t what Locke meant at all. In fact, in his 1690 essay entitled Concerning Human Understanding, Locke cautions, "that we mistake not imaginary happiness for real happiness" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER ce8c7ea1-d5a2-49a5-b47b-2d11413baaf0 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(Hamilton). He believes that sometimes, we will have to suspend the satisfaction of our desires, in order for us to pursue that which gives us "true happiness", as if there is a possibility that there is a tendency for man to pursue "false happiness". In a sense, Locke’s idea of the pursuit of happiness is more complicated. It is not the kind of happiness achieved by the fulfillment of sense desires, but rather, one that engages the intellect. In the words of Carol Hamilton, "It [the pursuit of happiness] is the ‘foundation of liberty’ because it frees us from enslavement to particular desires".
To better understand Locke’s notion of happiness, we must realize that he was in fact, invoking the concept of eudaimonia which is linked to the Greek notion of virtue and excellence. And when we trace virtue and excellence, we are brought to Aristotle who said that "the happy man lives well and does well; for we have practically defined happiness as a sort of good life and good action" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 9b470fd3-96a1-41e4-8386-c69f8c87b035 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(Hamilton). Happiness, then, is not the means to an end, but the end in itself. This idea came from his teacher, Plato, who said that the greatest happiness is available only to the philosopher, because is happiness is not based on the material, therefore it is lasting and cannot be taken away from him. But really, Plato’s thoughts on happiness were brought to him by his own teacher, Socrates who was the first known Western figure to argue that man has the capacity to attain happiness. Born at a time when happiness was reserved for those who were favored by the Gods, Socrates believed that the key to achieving happiness is "to turn attention away from the body and towards the soul. By harmonizing our desires we can learn to pacify the mind and achieve a divine-like state of tranquility" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 017535bd-7d62-442f-91dc-6fd79b693c98 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("The Pursuit of Happiness") which cannot be affected by the external world.
The moral life, the examined life, for Socrates, is preferred because it leads to a happier life. One must remember that prior to Socrates, philosophy revolved around metaphysical questions such as, "Why does the world stay up?" or "How many substances composes the world?" But Socrates, who lived the horrors of the Peloponnesian War, was interested on social and ethical concerns, "What is the best way to live?", "Why do people choose to be moral even when being immoral benefit more?" From this background, one can see immediately that the concept of happiness is not transient and that it connects to the ultimate meaning of humanity’s existence. It relates back to the necessity of creating a just society so that every human being could have the opportunity to search for his own happiness, a duty that our modern society has delegated to the government, rather than a function of every individual citizen.
THE GOVERNMENT AS A PROTECTOR OF THE RIGHTS OF MEN
To better understand this second concept, the need for the government to protect the rights of men, it is necessary to go back to John Locke who said that all men have the inherent right to "preserve himself, to pursue his own good – essentially, to do as he wishes" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 6b8d7dc3-7a93-48af-b287-d42ca591efbb 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(Forde). If allowed to live according to his nature, man has to fend for himself; his primary priority is to fulfill his own needs. Needless to say, the natural state of being in this society is one of constant war and competition. In order to escape this condition, people have created governments so that the rights of every individual to life, liberty and happiness can be safeguarded. In political theory, we refer to this as a social contract, where individuals choose to surrender some of their liberties in exchange for the protection of their remaining rights. While the social contract theory gained ground in the 17th to the 19th century, its antecedents can be traced as far back as Socrates.
In Crito ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 663ef9ff-b992-4053-bd63-a4707cee7a74 PFBsYWNlaG9sZGVyPg0KICA8QWRkSW5WZXJzaW9uPjUuMi4wLjg8L0FkZEluVmVyc2lvbj4NCiAgPElkPjY2M2VmOWZmLWI5OTItNDA1My1iZDYzLWE0NzA3Y2VlN2E3NDwvSWQ+DQogIDxFbnRyaWVzPg0KICAgIDxFbnRyeT4NCiAgICAgIDxJZD40NjUxNzIyNC02ZDJmLTQxNzAtYTJkNS0zNTM1OWI2ZmJhMmY8L0lkPg0KICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZUlkPmQ3NTk5NWUxLWY2Y2ItNDRmMS04ZjRlLTkxZDIzNzRmNWU0ZDwvUmVmZXJlbmNlSWQ+DQogICAgICA8UmFuZ2U+DQogICAgICAgIDxTdGFydD4wPC9TdGFydD4NCiAgICAgICAgPExlbmd0aD43PC9MZW5ndGg+DQogICAgICA8L1JhbmdlPg0KICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZVR5cGVJZD5JbnRlcm5ldERvY3VtZW50PC9SZWZlcmVuY2VUeXBlSWQ+DQogICAgICAgIDxBdXRob3JzPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDxQZXJzb24+DQogICAgICAgICAgICA8TGFzdE5hbWU+UGxhdG88L0xhc3ROYW1lPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDwvUGVyc29uPg0KICAgICAgICA8L0F1dGhvcnM+DQogICAgICAgIDxJZD5kNzU5OTVlMS1mNmNiLTQ0ZjEtOGY0ZS05MWQyMzc0ZjVlNGQ8L0lkPg0KICAgICAgICA8TG9jYXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDxMb2NhdGlvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxBZGRyZXNzPmh0dHA6Ly9jbGFzc2ljcy5taXQuZWR1L1BsYXRvL2NyaXRvLmh0bWw8L0FkZHJlc3M+DQogICAgICAgICAgICA8TG9jYXRpb25UeXBlPkVsZWN0cm9uaWNBZGRyZXNzPC9Mb2NhdGlvblR5cGU+DQogICAgICAgICAgPC9Mb2NhdGlvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgPC9Mb2NhdGlvbnM+DQogICAgICAgIDxPbmxpbmVBZGRyZXNzPmh0dHA6Ly9jbGFzc2ljcy5taXQuZWR1L1BsYXRvL2NyaXRvLmh0bWw8L09ubGluZUFkZHJlc3M+DQogICAgICAgIDxPcmdhbml6YXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDxQZXJzb24+DQogICAgICAgICAgICA8TGFzdE5hbWU+TUlUIENsYXNzaWNzPC9MYXN0TmFtZT4NCiAgICAgICAgICA8L1BlcnNvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgPC9Pcmdhbml6YXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICA8U2hvcnRUaXRsZT5QbGF0byAyMDA5IOKAkyBDcml0bzwvU2hvcnRUaXRsZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFRpdGxlPkNyaXRvPC9UaXRsZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFllYXI+MjAwOTwvWWVhcj4NCiAgICAgIDwvUmVmZXJlbmNlPg0KICAgIDwvRW50cnk+DQogIDwvRW50cmllcz4NCiAgPFRleHQ+KFBsYXRvKTwvVGV4dD4NCiAgPFRleHRVbml0cz4NCiAgICA8VGV4dFVuaXQ+DQogICAgICA8SW5zZXJ0UGFyYWdyYXBoQWZ0ZXI+ZmFsc2U8L0luc2VydFBhcmFncmFwaEFmdGVyPg0KICAgICAgPEZvbnROYW1lIC8+DQogICAgICA8Rm9udFN0eWxlPg0KICAgICAgICA8TmV1dHJhbD50cnVlPC9OZXV0cmFsPg0KICAgICAgICA8TmFtZSAvPg0KICAgICAgPC9Gb250U3R5bGU+DQogICAgICA8Rm9udFNpemU+MDwvRm9udFNpemU+DQogICAgICA8VGV4dD4oUGxhdG8pPC9UZXh0Pg0KICAgIDwvVGV4dFVuaXQ+DQogIDwvVGV4dFVuaXRzPg0KPC9QbGFjZWhvbGRlcj4=(Plato), Socrates talks about an implicit relationship between citizens and the government which ensures that life and order in the city flourishes, wherein the social contract is a non-coercive relationship between the individual and the state . "[Socrates] personifies the Laws of Athens, and speaking in their voice, explains that he has acquired an overwhelming obligation to obey the laws because they have made his entire way of life, and even the fact of his existence possible….Socrates’ life and the way in which his in which that life has flourished in Athens are each dependent upon the Laws" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 972f4ef8-0fa7-4fa1-b7c9-f8709f8c1a9d 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(Friend) . Having grown up, Socrates says he could have chosen to leave, but since he didn’t, his staying in Athens meant enabled him to speak as freely as he wanted, and that with this freedom came the obligation to follow the rules of the state. Because his own philosophy was already starting to arouse interest among the common people, a number of his fellow citizens were already starting to question the government, which in turn, threatened their legitimacy. And because Socrates believed that the government the state is a fundamental to the health of the society, it deserves the "highest allegiance and deepest respect" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 7131c05d-3fba-4647-bb75-1c43dc8d111f 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(Friend), it had the right to pro...
[course number]
[professor]
[date]
Five Concepts That Can Be Traced Back to Classical Antiquity
How much of what we know today can be traced back in antiquity? Though we pride ourselves as modern men, the reality is that we are only beginning to discover the nature of man and his natural environment. In fact, much of the institutions and philosophies we use in our modern civilization actually have roots from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. In fact, the very American notion of democracy didn’t really start with the Declaration of Independence, but rather, in Athens in the 6th Century B.C.E., and our penchant for freedom, since the beginning of time. In this paper, the origins of five concepts will be discussed – (1) the right for life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, (2) the government as a protector of the rights of men, (3) democracy and the roots of representation, and (4) the right of the people to overthrow a government that does not serve its purpose (5) the three institutions of the government – in order to understand the real meaning behind these concepts.
THE RIGHT FOR LIFE, LIBERTY AND THE PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS
The Declaration of Independence states that all mean are equal, and that they have inalienable rights – the right to "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 487c5286-8b91-4dd4-bd34-aee33c110437 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(Jefferson). Researches into the Declaration reveal that these rights may be traced back to John Locke, who is considered as a founder of liberal political philosophy, which is the basis of all Western political systems today. Locke’s philosophy is not based on moral law, where men have the duty to abide by the natural law. Rather, it is based on natural rights, where all human beings have an inherent right to "preserve himself, to pursue his own good – essentially, to do as he wishes" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER e6594d83-fd22-4658-8ce2-fabf98cc33b6 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(Forde). This, for Locke, is man’s natural state of being. Unfortunately, for some, the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness mean competition for resources – where men pursue wealth and status, disregarding the right of his fellow to live a comfortable, dignified life.
But this isn’t what Locke meant at all. In fact, in his 1690 essay entitled Concerning Human Understanding, Locke cautions, "that we mistake not imaginary happiness for real happiness" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER ce8c7ea1-d5a2-49a5-b47b-2d11413baaf0 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(Hamilton). He believes that sometimes, we will have to suspend the satisfaction of our desires, in order for us to pursue that which gives us "true happiness", as if there is a possibility that there is a tendency for man to pursue "false happiness". In a sense, Locke’s idea of the pursuit of happiness is more complicated. It is not the kind of happiness achieved by the fulfillment of sense desires, but rather, one that engages the intellect. In the words of Carol Hamilton, "It [the pursuit of happiness] is the ‘foundation of liberty’ because it frees us from enslavement to particular desires".
To better understand Locke’s notion of happiness, we must realize that he was in fact, invoking the concept of eudaimonia which is linked to the Greek notion of virtue and excellence. And when we trace virtue and excellence, we are brought to Aristotle who said that "the happy man lives well and does well; for we have practically defined happiness as a sort of good life and good action" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 9b470fd3-96a1-41e4-8386-c69f8c87b035 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(Hamilton). Happiness, then, is not the means to an end, but the end in itself. This idea came from his teacher, Plato, who said that the greatest happiness is available only to the philosopher, because is happiness is not based on the material, therefore it is lasting and cannot be taken away from him. But really, Plato’s thoughts on happiness were brought to him by his own teacher, Socrates who was the first known Western figure to argue that man has the capacity to attain happiness. Born at a time when happiness was reserved for those who were favored by the Gods, Socrates believed that the key to achieving happiness is "to turn attention away from the body and towards the soul. By harmonizing our desires we can learn to pacify the mind and achieve a divine-like state of tranquility" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 017535bd-7d62-442f-91dc-6fd79b693c98 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("The Pursuit of Happiness") which cannot be affected by the external world.
The moral life, the examined life, for Socrates, is preferred because it leads to a happier life. One must remember that prior to Socrates, philosophy revolved around metaphysical questions such as, "Why does the world stay up?" or "How many substances composes the world?" But Socrates, who lived the horrors of the Peloponnesian War, was interested on social and ethical concerns, "What is the best way to live?", "Why do people choose to be moral even when being immoral benefit more?" From this background, one can see immediately that the concept of happiness is not transient and that it connects to the ultimate meaning of humanity’s existence. It relates back to the necessity of creating a just society so that every human being could have the opportunity to search for his own happiness, a duty that our modern society has delegated to the government, rather than a function of every individual citizen.
THE GOVERNMENT AS A PROTECTOR OF THE RIGHTS OF MEN
To better understand this second concept, the need for the government to protect the rights of men, it is necessary to go back to John Locke who said that all men have the inherent right to "preserve himself, to pursue his own good – essentially, to do as he wishes" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 6b8d7dc3-7a93-48af-b287-d42ca591efbb 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(Forde). If allowed to live according to his nature, man has to fend for himself; his primary priority is to fulfill his own needs. Needless to say, the natural state of being in this society is one of constant war and competition. In order to escape this condition, people have created governments so that the rights of every individual to life, liberty and happiness can be safeguarded. In political theory, we refer to this as a social contract, where individuals choose to surrender some of their liberties in exchange for the protection of their remaining rights. While the social contract theory gained ground in the 17th to the 19th century, its antecedents can be traced as far back as Socrates.
In Crito ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 663ef9ff-b992-4053-bd63-a4707cee7a74 PFBsYWNlaG9sZGVyPg0KICA8QWRkSW5WZXJzaW9uPjUuMi4wLjg8L0FkZEluVmVyc2lvbj4NCiAgPElkPjY2M2VmOWZmLWI5OTItNDA1My1iZDYzLWE0NzA3Y2VlN2E3NDwvSWQ+DQogIDxFbnRyaWVzPg0KICAgIDxFbnRyeT4NCiAgICAgIDxJZD40NjUxNzIyNC02ZDJmLTQxNzAtYTJkNS0zNTM1OWI2ZmJhMmY8L0lkPg0KICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZUlkPmQ3NTk5NWUxLWY2Y2ItNDRmMS04ZjRlLTkxZDIzNzRmNWU0ZDwvUmVmZXJlbmNlSWQ+DQogICAgICA8UmFuZ2U+DQogICAgICAgIDxTdGFydD4wPC9TdGFydD4NCiAgICAgICAgPExlbmd0aD43PC9MZW5ndGg+DQogICAgICA8L1JhbmdlPg0KICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFJlZmVyZW5jZVR5cGVJZD5JbnRlcm5ldERvY3VtZW50PC9SZWZlcmVuY2VUeXBlSWQ+DQogICAgICAgIDxBdXRob3JzPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDxQZXJzb24+DQogICAgICAgICAgICA8TGFzdE5hbWU+UGxhdG88L0xhc3ROYW1lPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDwvUGVyc29uPg0KICAgICAgICA8L0F1dGhvcnM+DQogICAgICAgIDxJZD5kNzU5OTVlMS1mNmNiLTQ0ZjEtOGY0ZS05MWQyMzc0ZjVlNGQ8L0lkPg0KICAgICAgICA8TG9jYXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDxMb2NhdGlvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgICAgIDxBZGRyZXNzPmh0dHA6Ly9jbGFzc2ljcy5taXQuZWR1L1BsYXRvL2NyaXRvLmh0bWw8L0FkZHJlc3M+DQogICAgICAgICAgICA8TG9jYXRpb25UeXBlPkVsZWN0cm9uaWNBZGRyZXNzPC9Mb2NhdGlvblR5cGU+DQogICAgICAgICAgPC9Mb2NhdGlvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgPC9Mb2NhdGlvbnM+DQogICAgICAgIDxPbmxpbmVBZGRyZXNzPmh0dHA6Ly9jbGFzc2ljcy5taXQuZWR1L1BsYXRvL2NyaXRvLmh0bWw8L09ubGluZUFkZHJlc3M+DQogICAgICAgIDxPcmdhbml6YXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICAgIDxQZXJzb24+DQogICAgICAgICAgICA8TGFzdE5hbWU+TUlUIENsYXNzaWNzPC9MYXN0TmFtZT4NCiAgICAgICAgICA8L1BlcnNvbj4NCiAgICAgICAgPC9Pcmdhbml6YXRpb25zPg0KICAgICAgICA8U2hvcnRUaXRsZT5QbGF0byAyMDA5IOKAkyBDcml0bzwvU2hvcnRUaXRsZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFRpdGxlPkNyaXRvPC9UaXRsZT4NCiAgICAgICAgPFllYXI+MjAwOTwvWWVhcj4NCiAgICAgIDwvUmVmZXJlbmNlPg0KICAgIDwvRW50cnk+DQogIDwvRW50cmllcz4NCiAgPFRleHQ+KFBsYXRvKTwvVGV4dD4NCiAgPFRleHRVbml0cz4NCiAgICA8VGV4dFVuaXQ+DQogICAgICA8SW5zZXJ0UGFyYWdyYXBoQWZ0ZXI+ZmFsc2U8L0luc2VydFBhcmFncmFwaEFmdGVyPg0KICAgICAgPEZvbnROYW1lIC8+DQogICAgICA8Rm9udFN0eWxlPg0KICAgICAgICA8TmV1dHJhbD50cnVlPC9OZXV0cmFsPg0KICAgICAgICA8TmFtZSAvPg0KICAgICAgPC9Gb250U3R5bGU+DQogICAgICA8Rm9udFNpemU+MDwvRm9udFNpemU+DQogICAgICA8VGV4dD4oUGxhdG8pPC9UZXh0Pg0KICAgIDwvVGV4dFVuaXQ+DQogIDwvVGV4dFVuaXRzPg0KPC9QbGFjZWhvbGRlcj4=(Plato), Socrates talks about an implicit relationship between citizens and the government which ensures that life and order in the city flourishes, wherein the social contract is a non-coercive relationship between the individual and the state . "[Socrates] personifies the Laws of Athens, and speaking in their voice, explains that he has acquired an overwhelming obligation to obey the laws because they have made his entire way of life, and even the fact of his existence possible….Socrates’ life and the way in which his in which that life has flourished in Athens are each dependent upon the Laws" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 972f4ef8-0fa7-4fa1-b7c9-f8709f8c1a9d 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(Friend) . Having grown up, Socrates says he could have chosen to leave, but since he didn’t, his staying in Athens meant enabled him to speak as freely as he wanted, and that with this freedom came the obligation to follow the rules of the state. Because his own philosophy was already starting to arouse interest among the common people, a number of his fellow citizens were already starting to question the government, which in turn, threatened their legitimacy. And because Socrates believed that the government the state is a fundamental to the health of the society, it deserves the "highest allegiance and deepest respect" ADDIN CITAVI.PLACEHOLDER 7131c05d-3fba-4647-bb75-1c43dc8d111f 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(Friend), it had the right to pro...
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