Answer the following questions by calling upon examples addressed in the course readings.

Student’s Name: Tutor: Class: Date: Coursework Assignment Questions and Answers Question One: Colonial Brazil Colonization is often comprised of large-scale transfer of laws and legal institutions from one society to another, where each country has its distinct way of life. The heritage left by European expansionism to modern-day Brazil is mostly considered by researchers as an illusion that infuses the social, political, and cultural principles of the nation. A nation established on colonial manipulation and subjugation, Brazil, it is contended, has traditionally struggled to develop and direct a honest national identity that is often free of Western influences. This part explores the complex dynamics of colonization, emphasizing the general motif, the formation of a new society, and the resistance that emerged during this period. Utilizing various coursework materials, we can obtain an extensive comprehension of Brazil's colonization and its effects in the modern day. Colonization and the Overall Motif Brazil's colonization started in 1500 when Pedro Alvares Cabral landed in Brazil with 1200 Portuguese adventures after seriously mislaid his journey's end in Southern Africa. The journey was marked by “Pêro Vaz de Caminha’s letter to King Manuel I of Portugal” (Pêro Vaz de Caminha, 41). In his letter, he stated that "the admiral of this fleet, besides the other captains, will write to Your Majesty telling you the news of the finding of this new territory of Your Majesty's which has just been discovered on this voyage" (Pêro Vaz de Caminha, 41). The letter reflected the initial reflection of the new land as a place of vast resources and the possibility of conversion to Christianity. In his letter, Caminha gave what is reflected by many as being among the most correct accounts of what Brazil used to be in 1500. The admiral of the ship that navigated to Brazil sent Coelho out to interrelate with the natives. Individuals they met when they reached the new land were very primitive. They were “brown and reddish-skinned” and basically unclothed (Pêro Vaz de Caminha, 41). Moreover, their languages did not relate; hence, they could only communicate through actions. They tried to provide the natives with things they could eat, including cakes, fish, bread, wine, and honey, but one taste of those things was enough for them to spit. The Portuguese also gave them just water, but they only touted the water in their mouths and then spit it out. However, they only accepted a cloak they might utilize to cover themselves during the nights. After reaching the new lands, one crucial motif of the Portuguese was economic motivation. Based on Fausto's work, the Portugues sought to exploit Brazil's natural resources, mainly sugar, which became the colony's primary export. The development of sugar plantations resulted in the establishment of a plantation economy heavily reliant on slave labor. Such economic systems profoundly shaped Brazilian society, developing stark social hierarchies and racial divisions of indigenous Africans, Whites, and Westerners that have persistent for long after the colonial period. Formation of a New Society The process of Brazil's colonization resulted in the formation of a new society characterized by the interactions of indigenous, African, and European cultures. Fausto's work states that "when the Europeans reached the land that might someday be Brazil, they found an Amerindian population living along the coast and in the basin of the Parana and Paraguay Rivers" (Fausto, 7). Such a population was linguistically and culturally quite homogenous. One of the crucial texts that describes the cultural fusion of the new society in Brazil is "A Description of the Tupinambá" from "The Brazil Reader" (Levine et al., 26). The Tupinambá were one of the prominent indigenous groups with a vital impact on the cultural landscape of colonial Brazil. Their customs, social structures, and resistance to European domination are significant in comprehending the complex interrelation of cultures during this period. The work of Jean de Léry's offers a wide-ranging interpretation of native life and European communications. His descriptions reveal the cultural interactions and fights that happened as Europeans tried to enforce their ways on the indigenous populations. For example, De Léry defines his encounter with Ville Gagnon and how he acted towards them upon their parting from America. He states that “since he acted as if he were viceroy of that country, none of the French seamen who were sailing there would have dared undertake anything against his will” (De Léry, 131). Moreover, Ville Gagnon adds through a “letter to the ship’s master that he had no objection to their being taken back” (De Léry, 131). Therefore, his work underscores the resilience of indigenous cultures and their influence on the emerging Brazilian society. Moreover, "The First Wave" by Warren Dean discusses the first phase of Portuguese colonization, emphasizing the socio-economic changes brought about by European settlement. He discusses the transformation of the Brazilian landscape through the introduction of new agricultural practices and the development of colonial infrastructure. For instance, he states that “the adoption of agriculture utterly transformed the relationship of humans to the forest” (Levine et al., 33). “What had been residual resources became their principal habitat” (Levine et al., 33). Such a period led to the rise of a colonial society that was characteristically Brazilian, shaped by the combination of diverse cultural elements. Push Back and Resistance Resistance to colonization was a vital component of Brazil’s colonial history. The fight of native individuals in Brazil for the right to their land dates back to more than 500 years ago, throughout the colonial periods when Portuguese colonizers pushed most of them away from the East Coast. For the next three decades, the “Portuguese settled and took control of the Brazilian coast, eliminating a French attempt at colonization and, in its place, founding the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1565” (Levine et al., 40). However, reports show that the relationship with Brazil's native people moved as missionary hard work, epidemic illnesses, and the desire for laborers in the developing sugar plantation economy led to war, depopulation, and epidemic illnesses (Levine et al., 40). Da Nóbrega's "Letter to Governor Tomé de Sousa" highlights the challenges the colonial authorities encountered in subduing indigenous resistance. Nóbrega, one of the greatest missionaries of the time, describes the challenges they faced in converting and controlling the native populations. For instance, he disapproves of their act of selling others, whereas the Indians practice selling the forlorn who are among them. Nóbrega states that “because this is the general conduct of everyone, it befitted me to shut off confessions because no one wants to do what is obliged in that, and they have the entire other clergy who absolves and sanctions them” (Levine et al., 40). Such information underscores the persistent resistance of indigenous people and the constant struggle for power and control in colonial Brazil. Moreover, Léry’s accounts shed light on the different forms of resistance and collaboration with some indigenous groups. His narrations of interactions with indigenous groups reveal the intricacies of such relationships, characterized by both conflict and cooperation. The indigenous resistance by Ville Gagnon was not just a reaction to European infringement but also a means of preserving their cultural tradition and autonomy. Generally, colonial Brazil was a challenging period that resulted in the formation of an exclusive society through the interrelationship of indigenous, African, and European cultures. The economic motives of exploitation and evangelization made the Portuguese colonizers into Brazil. However, the colonial experience led to the resistance of indigenous and African populations. The insights from the coursework provide a clear picture of such a transformative period. Comprehending the dynamics of colonization in Brazil exposed the profound and lasting influence of such a historical process on the development of Brazilian society. Question 2: Role of Race and Ethnicity in 20th Century Brazil The role of race and ethnicity in 20th century Brazil are crucial in comprehending the nation’s social, cultural, and political context. This part examines he experiences and contributions of different racial and ethnic groups in Brazil, such as black people, Koreans, Japanese, Chinese laborers. Moreover, the paper examines how the music, rhythm, and devices of such migrant groups shapes Brazilian music in the 20th century. Black People in Brazil The account of Black people in Brazil is marked by their experience of slavery, resistance, and the existing struggle for racial equality. James Sweet, in his work, underscores the resilience and cultural contributions of African-descended people in Brazil. For instance, the black people in Brazil were opposers of Catholic brotherhoods led by Domingos. Sweet Exploration states that “for Domingos Alvares, the structures, symbolism, and ritual of his healing practice were thoroughly etched in his African past; however, by necessity, he adapted these familiar forms to accommodate new social and political conditions” (Sweet, 122). Moreover, mostly replicated his ritual prac...