AIP116 Modern Political Ideologies: topic 4 socialism & 5 anarchism!

Faculty of Arts and Education
Workbook

Trimester 3, 2012
AIP116
Modern Political Ideologies
AIP116Modern Political Ideologies
Workbook
Contents
 TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135858"INTRODUCTION  PAGEREF _Toc234135858 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135859"Topic 1 Understanding Ideologies  PAGEREF _Toc234135859 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135860"Topic 2 Classical Liberalism  PAGEREF _Toc234135860 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135861"Topic 3 Conservatism  PAGEREF _Toc234135861 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135862"Topic 4 Socialism  PAGEREF _Toc234135862 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135863"Topic 5 Anarchism  PAGEREF _Toc234135863 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135864"Topic 6 Nationalism  PAGEREF _Toc234135864 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135865"Topic 7 Social Liberalism  PAGEREF _Toc234135865 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135866"Topic 8 Social democracy  PAGEREF _Toc234135866 \h
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HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135867"Topic 9 Feminism 30
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135868"Topic 10Neoliberalism and the New Right 34
HYPERLINK \l "_Toc234135869"Topic 11Religious fundamentalism 38

INTRODUCTION
1. About this Workbook
This Workbook is designed to assist you in working through the weekly topics in the Study Guide. The Study Guide sometimes indicates further readings and questions of relevance to the topic, beyond those prescribed in the Workbook. Completing the Workbookwill encourage you to:
acquire a basic knowledge of a number of significant political ideologies,
review the knowledge you have gained from the readings.
reflect upon the content, concepts and ideas presented for each topic.
2. How to use this Workbook
The Workbook comprises ‘Discussion questions’ for each topic. Here you will be asked to answer questions directed towards specific readings. These questions are intended to help you to review the content of each topic, and also to prepare for the essay and examination.
Please write your answers and comments in the space provided and keep them verybrief. It is acceptable to use note form for most of these exercises.
Initially, you may like to try answering the questions on the basis of your first reading of the texts.
Then you can check your 'answers' by reading the text again.
Used in this way the questions should prove to be a useful tool for testing your understanding of, and for revising, individual topics.
3. Assessment
All students must submit the entireWorkbook for assessment as an electronic document. This can be either a Word/RTF file of a typed document or a PDF scan of a handwritten document. This is a hurdle requirement.Make sure that you keep a copy.
No detailed comments will be provided in the final assessment of the Workbook. Generally, only a grade or mark, and a comment for the whole Workbook will be given.
4. Queries
If you have any questions concerning the Workbook please consult the Unit Chair Dr Geoff Robinson.
STUDY TOPICS
Topic1 Understanding Ideologies
Discussion questions
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies: An Introduction. 5th edn, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-4.
Answer the following question:
Why are political ideas important in politics?
In his book, Political ideologies: an introduction, Heywood highlights political creeds and doctrines that have shaped the world of politics. From his book, it can be noted that political ideas are important in the world of politics because they help to justify an existing system. Political ideologies help to explain why and how political leaders use given systems to govern their territories. This eventually shapes the political world because political leaders borrow ideas from each other. 
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies. 5th edn, pp. 5-10,
andBall, T. and R. Dagger 2008. ‘The concept of ideology.’ in the Reader.
Answer the following questions:
What is an ‘essentially contested’ concept? How according to Ball & Dagger is democracy such a concept?
An essentially contested concept is a concept that involves inevitably endless disputes about its proper use and these disputes cannot be explained by the use of logic, linguistic usage or empirical evidence alone. Such concepts shape democracy. Ball and Dagger hold the opinion that democracy is in constant motion; it keeps on evolving owing to changing political ideologies. Therefore, there is no way when all politicians will agree on all political ideologies. They will always be contested. Thus, according to Ball and Dagger, democracy qualifies to be termed as an essentially contested concept owing to its dynamism and constant evolution. ReadFreeden, ‘Ideologies and Political Theory’ in the Reader.
Answer the following question:
According to Freeden what are the differences between political philosophies and ideologies?
According to Freeden, political ideologies are certain concepts whose meaning may change and evolve over time. On the other hand, political philosophies refer to looking at life in a pragmatic manner and attempting to understand why life is as it is and the principles governing it. 
Read: Wood, Citizens to Lords1-4, 11-16 In the Reader.
Answer the following question:
What does Wood mean by the ‘social history of political theory’?
Wood explains that in he uses social history of political theory to study classic political thinkers from Plato to Max Webber. According to Wood, Classic political theory is intimately related to the practical social historical context in which it was conceived. 

Topic 2 Classical Liberalism
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies. 5th edn, pp. 24-35 other
Answer the following questions:
What is liberalism? Summarise its mainvalues.Were liberals always democrats?
This is a political philosophy founded on the ideas of liberty and freedom.
Liberals support ideas such as free and fair elections, civil rights, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, freedom of trade, and private property. Liberalism was an extension of democracy but at times liberalism and democracy rubbed shoulders. Liberals tried as much as possible to be democratic.
Read: Locke, John. [1690] 2008. ‘The Second Treatise of Civil Government.’ in the Reader
Answer the following questions:
Who is responsible for establishing the ‘law of nature’? Why is government necessary to uphold the law of nature?
Natural law is a system of law that is purportedly determined by nature and thus universal. Law of nature has no single founder but is attributed to earlier thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle, Natural law is a universal law must be upheld by any government. It serves as a standard by which to criticize positive law or legal law of a given political community.
What human activity does Locke consider creates property rights? How according to Locke does the invention of money change property?
Locke invokes that people are equal and invested with natural rights in a state of nature in which they live free from outside rule. According to Locke, this is the genesis of property rights. In the state of nature, natural law governs behavior, and each person has a license to execute the la against someone who wrongs them by infringing on their rights.
According to lock, the invention of money limits on the amount of property one can obtain. 
Read: Smith, Adam. [1776] 1995. The Wealth of Nations In the Reader.
Answer the following question:
How does Adam Smith argue that the operation of market principles benefit society?
How the operation of principle markets benefits society is well explained in the main thesis of Adam Smith. Smith indicates that there are two ways to create the wealth of nations. First, by making productive labor even more productive by enhancing markets to deepen the division of labor and second, use of more labor productively instead of unproductively.Read: Mill, J.S. [1859] 2008. ‘On liberty: Introductory.’ in the Reader
Answer the following questions:
How does Mill justify his defence of liberty? To which humans does he consider the principle inapplicable?
Mill indicates that suppression of opinion based on belief in infallible doctrine is dangerous. Among other objections Mill answers, is the objection that the truth will necessarily survive prosecution and that society need only teach grounds for truth, not the objections to it. To those in power, the principle is inapplicable. 
Read: Mill, J.S. [1859] 2008. ‘Of the liberty of thought and discussion.’ in the Reader
Answer the following question:
On what grounds does Mill defend freedom of thought and expression?
Mill notes that opinions ought never to be suppressed. Mills argues that there are three sorts of beliefs that can be heard wholly false, party true and wholly true. If an opinion is condemned to silence, and yet it might be the truth then thus is to assume our own infallibility. Second, though the silenced opinion might contain an error, it might also be partly true. Third, an opinion might be true but it can never escape from prejudice. Therefore, there needs to be the liberty of thought and expression.

Topic 3 Conservatism
Discussion questions
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies.5th edn, pp. 65-78.
Answer the following question:
What are the five main themes of conservative thought, according to Heywood?
Conservatism is a political and social philosophy that promotes retaining social institutions Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing timeless role in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself. According to Heywood, the five principles of conservatism included: when you tax something you get less of it; regulation makes the production and distribution of products more difficult; subsidies support inefficiency and create artificial economic bubbles; once a new entitlement is created it is hard to make it go away; citizens should never vote to increase their own taxes.
Read: Burke, Edmund. [1790] 2008. Reflections on the Revolution in France. in the Reader
Answer the following question:
What were the core principles of Edmund Burke’s conservatism?
The core principles of Edmund Burke’s conservatism include order, custom, just prejudice, historical precedent and prescriptive rights in the face of radical Jacobinism.
Read de Maistre, ‘Considerations on France’ in the Reader.
Answer the following question:
Why does de Maistre argue that war is desirable?
De Maistre, gave a more sinister side of his character. He sees war as the natural or unusual state of mankind. He argues explicitly that war isn’t as bad as most people think. It is, a remedy to societies which have become too over civilised and decadent. It engenders great art, science and virtue. It also serves to expiate the wrath of God. 
Read Stephens‘The Doctrine of Liberty in its Relation to Morals’ in the Reader
Answer the following question:
Why does Stephen disagree with Mill?
Stephens hold the opinion that the sole end for which humans are warranted individually or collectively, in interfering with liberty of action of any of their number, is self protection. 
Topic 4 Socialism
Discussion questions
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies. 5th edn, pp. 97-109
Answer the following question:
What are the most prominent ideas and values in socialist political thought?
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies. 5th edn, pp. 111-114, 118-23.
Read Owen‘Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System’ in the Reader.
Answer the following questions:
What does Owen see as the major impact of the rise of manufacturing? To whom does he appeal to correct the negative impact of industrialization?

ReadMarx, ‘The historical tendency of capitalist accumulation [1867] in the Reader
Answer the following question:
Marx argues that capitalism has created two social forces that will ultimately bring about its demise. What are these forces?

ReadEngels ‘Socialism: Utopian and Scientific’ in the Reader.
Answer the following questions:
Why does Engels argue that the state will disappear after the proletarian revolution? Why does Engels regard the rise of monopolies as significant?


Topic 5 Anarchism
Discussion questions
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies. 5th edn, pp. 140-48.
Answer the following questions:
Why do anarchists reject the authority of the state and organized religion? How is this related to their view of human nature?

Read: Goldman, Emma. [1910] 2008. ‘Anarchism: What it really stands for.’ In the Reader
Answer the following questions:
What, according to Goldman, are common misconceptions of anarchism? What is her explanation of crime?

Read Kroptotkin, Anarchism in the Reader.
Why does Kroptkin argue that anarchism will make possible full indivdualism? What criticism does he make of individualist forms of anarchism?

Read Marx, ‘Conspectus of Bakunin’s Statism and Anarchy’in the Reader.
Answer the following questions
Why do Marx and Bakunin disagree about the role of the state after the overthrow of capitalism? Why do they disagree about the function of elections?


Topic 6 Nationalism
Read: Heywood, A. 2012. Political Ideologies. 5th edn, pp. 168-181.
Answer the following questions:
What political role has nationalism played since the later nineteenth century? Summarise the core themes in nationalist thought.
Nationalism is a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a nation. There are various definitions of what constitutes a nation, however, which leads to different strands of nationalism. It can be a belief that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic, cultural, religious, or identity group or that multi nationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities.
Read: Mill , ‘Considerations on representative government’, in the Reader.
Answer the following questions:
Why does Mill argue that ‘free institutions are next to impossible in a country…of different nationalities’? What is his attitude to ‘backward nationalities...