Promoting health:Assessing health needs Health, Medicine Essay

PROMOTING HEALTH: ASSESSING HEALTH NEEDS FOR THOSE LIVING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES
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PROMOTING HEALTH: ASSESSING HEALTH NEEDS FOR THOSE LIVING WITH CHRONIC ILLNESSES
Background
Chronic illnesses such as hypertension, obesity, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer are constantly on the rise. This often leads to lengthy and expensive treatments, which continuously drain household resources and inevitably lead to the principal breadwinners' loss. This has the added knock-on effect of driving such families into added poverty, which results in further stifling of economic and social development (Pennel et al., 2016). The ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789290218289","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"WHO","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-82","title":"Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies","type":"book"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=3d12d8d2-f263-4c2e-98a4-09ef63cb9373","/documents/?uuid=4a492d2e-07c1-4277-9f14-591f8c2156ef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(WHO, 2012)","manualFormatting":"WHO (2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(WHO, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(WHO, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}WHO (2012) reports that chronic diseases formerly mainly concentrated in developed countries are now on the rise in developing countries (Vandelanotte et al., 2016), and the main five diseases as described above account for approximately 82% of all deaths globally (WHO, 2012). Notably, developing countries are facing an increasing incidence of chronic diseases, besides the communicable diseases still providing a persistent threat (Kamis et al., 2015). By 2011, almost 75% of the deaths caused by chronic diseases were reported in the LMICs. Sixteen million of these deaths were seen in individuals aged 70 years and below ADDIN CSL_CITATION {"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9789290218289","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"WHO","given":"","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2012"]]},"number-of-pages":"1-82","title":"Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies","type":"book"},"uris":["/documents/?uuid=3d12d8d2-f263-4c2e-98a4-09ef63cb9373","/documents/?uuid=4a492d2e-07c1-4277-9f14-591f8c2156ef"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(WHO, 2012)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(WHO, 2012)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(WHO, 2012)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}(WHO, 2012). The group living with chronic illnesses deserves attention since such diseases are known to be caused by certain lifestyle and dietary habits such as excessive use of tobacco and exposure to its smoke, an unbalanced diet, lack of physical exercise, and the irresponsible and extreme consumption of alcohol (Al-Mazroei et al., 2020).
Identifying Health Needs
Kim and Seo (2014) carried out an intervention study using a mobile application for the self-management of diabetic patients. In this case, the mobile application was tailored for the SNS-based self-management process whereby the categorization of the subjects on exercise practices was done through the TTM stages using an evaluation algorithm. However, their study used TTM for the sole purposes of categorization of the subjects and did not include the ultimate stage on delivery of tailored messages. The application of HealthTWITTER uses an algorithm that provides selective health management services for individuals with diabetes. The concept design is based on the TTM model, which proves reliable for an effective health behavior intervention process. HealthTWITTER provides more than just input information. In this case, Maslow's theory is applicable
Turner-McGrievy and others (2013) investigated the benefits of using mobile phones to prevent and manage obesity amongst adults. The results of their study showed that the aspect of using the Technology Acceptance Model and TTM stages in self-management and feedback on eating habits through the use of mobile phones facilitated a significant response that led to a decrease in Body mass index (BMI) amongst the intervention group.
The study conducted by Potter and others (2018) focused on coping with chronic illnesses that require both practical as well as emotional support around the patient. The study applied qualitative interviews amongst 48 participants living with chronic illnesses. The aim was to highlight the influence of structural configurations such as the healthcare system towards helping individuals cope with chronic illnesses. The results revealed that health systems provide both social and cultural capital capable of enabling individual access to coping resources through service coordination.
Table of findings and mapping theories
Title, year

Methodology

Findings

Relate health needs to theories

Identify the type of health needs these are

HealthTWITTER initiative: design of a social networking service based tailored application for diabetes self-management. (2014). https://doi.org/10.4258/hir.2014.20.3.226

The research used of a non-drug intervention method that included exercise. This was applied to a mobile-based application. The various behavioral changes of an individual were based on the Trans-theoretical Model

Adequate self-management is required for the diabetic's life. The designed diabetes self-management by use of mobile application was found useful amongst social groups.

Maslow's theory on safety needs and self-actualization needs. Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to health behavior intervention was applicable in this case.

This focuses on such factors as diabetics' exercise and diet, which are Normative needs

Comparison of traditional versus mobile app self-monitoring of physical activity and dietary intake among overweight adults participating in a mHealth weight loss program. https://doi.org/10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001510

Secondary quantitative methodology. The use of the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire

The application of mobile methods for tracking physical activity as well as diet.

Doyal and Gough's theory. Explains behavioral intentions successfully towards acceptance of mobile phones to track health needs

Comparative need

The context of coping: a qualitative exploration of underlying inequalities that influence health services support for people living with long‐term conditions. (2018). doi: 10.1111/1467-9566.12624

Qualitative analysis

Require active support from health services

Seedhouse theory. The healthy interaction between institutional, material, social and individual factors ensures understanding of the influence of individual behavior

Expressed need

Discussion of Health needs theories
Maslow's Hierarchy of human physiological needs and safety provides one of the basic guidelines that provides guidelines on the care for patients with chronic illnesses. Maslow's Hierarchy of needs provides an understanding of the underlying motivation that satisfies needs in an individual's life. The life journey from birth attracts some level of satiety of available needs, such as basic physiological needs for food, water, and air. Lack of meeting the standards will eventually manifest in the form of disease or distress (Hale et al., 2019). The various healthcare practitioners have different perspectives on the need requirements for those with NCDs.
However, due to resource scarcity as available for meeting various needs, such patients' healthcare needs are differentiated into needs, demands, and supply. Healthcare needs refer to the capacity to benefit from the services. The effective identification of healthcare needs for those with NCDs provides an effective intervention to meet needs capable of improving health. Healthcare needs are considered in terms of the various healthcare services that health practitioners can easily supply. Conversely, in most instances, NCD patients perceive differently what makes them healthier, such as decent medication, housing, a job, amongst others. Health needs include the broader social and environmental determinants of health, including diet, education, employment, deprivation, and housing. Such an elaborate definition provides a wider view beyond just the medical model as per the health services offered (O'Shaughnessy et al., 2020).
Seedhouse's theory argues that health promotion should correlate with principles of openness based on the premise of political philosophies of liberalization, social justice, egalitarianism, and utilitarianism. This theory focuses on the fact that health promoters should focus on working with the patients towards improving their conditions and need. In this case, there is a need to work with those with chronic illnesses from their current to an improved condition. Seedhouse argues that health intervention measures should clearly focus on the removal of various obstacles that hinder human potentials (von Heimburg et al., 2020).
Doyal and Gough's theory provides a clear differentiation that separates basic health needs and the more cognitive autonomous needs, therefore, creating an essential list of intermediate needs. In this case, the principle of autonomy provides an essential consideration in the process of providing an alternative to individuals without coercion. Therefore, provision of a list of intermediate needs is essential, for instance, the person with a chronic illness will be more considerate on healthcare costs as well as the accessibility of healthcare services due to limited economic security (Doyal and Gough, 1991). There have been rising healthcare costs, especially for those with NCDs over the years, thereby making healthcare expenditure very expensive. Healthcare is currently one of the largest sectors in most countries. In this case, the various medical advances alongside demographic changes increase pressure on costs. Notably, the available resources for healthcare are also scarce, where people have inequitable access to adequate healthcare. In this case, due to the government's inability to provide universal care, there is a considerable variation in healthcare use and applicability at the point of provision. The aspect of availability seems to relate to the population's needs as serviced inversely (Pennel et al., 2016).
Prioritizing the health needs
The Bradshaw theory focuses on four types of needs: Normative, Comparative, Expressed, and Felt Need. In this case, the Normative need focuses on the opinion of health professionals as regards the appropriate standard and level of service for those with chronic illnesses. Comparative need focuses on the objective definition of needs as regards health standards and health service availability. The expressed need focuses on individuals' services, while felt need refers to the individual definition of their personal wants.
In this case, the prioritizing of healthcare needs provides the methodology that helps in the monitoring and the promotion of equity in the healthcare service provision, therefore, addressing various healthcare inequalities that exist while attending those NCDs (Shaw et al., 2019). Notably, such assessments' stimulus entails satisfaction of an individual interest or request for development funding within the health services. Further, the assessments are also subject to the existing health problem, occurrence of critical problems, and publication of new research findings concerning a particular disease burden (Pennel et al., 2016).
The main focus of the healthcare needs assessment in a population is the population's health with a common basis on presentations. This can work well in situations that may present such cases as all patients with diabetes condition appearing on the practice's list. There is recognition of finite resources' nature with consideration on competing resources and avoids focus on advocating for individual groups (Robinson et al., 2011). Such perspective provides a definitive concept since the client groups are incorporated into a...