Main Hormones Produced Bu The Brain. Illness That They Caused Plus Glossary And Equivalent In Spanish

Main Hormones Produced by the Brain and Illness That Appear When There Is a Lack of Them or a Dysfunction
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Introduction
The brain is the most important feature of a human being. It is located at the head and in many vertebrates and non-vertebrates it acts as the center of the nervous system. In vertebrates, the brain is the most complex organ having 14-16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. Psychologically, the brain’s function is to coordinate the body organs in a centralized manner in order to perform the activity in which the organs need to perform. Examples of those functions are digestion, ovulation, walking and much other important activity the body want to perform. The brain achieves all these functions by coordinating all these activities by some chemicals secretion called hormones. The hormones secreted in the brain are known as brainy hormones. These hormones determine how someone’s body feels and the body’s functions. The main hormones produced by the brain are mainly secreted by the endocrine glands, pituitary gland, and the hypothalamus.[.Teicher, Martin H., Jacqueline A. Samson, Carl M. Anderson, and Kyoko Ohashi. "The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17, no. 10 (2016): 652.] [. Ibid, 12]
The pituitary gland is also known as Hypophysis. It is located at the sella turcica, a depression in the sphenoid bone. The pituitary gland has two main parts, the anterior pituitary gland, and the posterior pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary gland is connected by a short blood vessel to the brain while the posterior pituitary gland is part of the brain that secretes and send hormones directly into the blood system. The blood transports the hormones to their respective organ to perform certain functions required by the body. The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus that controls its activity.[. Ibid, 25] [. Ibid, 33]
The hypothalamus is part of the brain that is responsible for controlling most of the brains function. As discussed above, the hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus, and it is part of the limbic system. The hypothalamus and the pituitary glands work together in order to stimulate the endocrine glands on the time the hormone is to be released. Endocrine Glands secrete the hormones directly to the blood rather than through the vessels.[. Ibid, 16] [. Campbell, John N., Evan Z. Macosko, Henning Fenselau, Tune H. Pers, Anna Lyubetskaya, Danielle Tenen, Melissa Goldman et al. "A molecular census of arcuate hypothalamus and median eminence cell types." Nature neuroscience 20, no. 3 (2017): 484.]
When these essential parts of the brain stop function or fail to secrete these hormones, there are many disorders that manifest in the body’s functions. This is because many functions are regulated by the hormones produced by these parts of the brain.
The glossary gave at least one Spanish reciprocals as the terms are utilized with a similar recurrence or as equivalent words. In addition, doing as such limits the danger of applying the wrong terms, especially where the English expressions are utilized as umbrella terms in Spanish. So as to guarantee the unwavering quality of the online assets utilized, they were chosen dependent on their distributers, for instance, the Britannica Encyclopedia or restorative focuses, just as databases authorized by the European Commission, for example, the 'Multilingual Glossary by the Heymans Institute of Pharmacology
Main Hormones Produced by the Brain and Illness Thy Cause When Not Present
There are many hormones produced by the brain to control body activities. These hormones can be classified according to where they are secreted. Therefore, the hormone produced by the brain can be classified as follows:[. Ibid, 15]
• Hormones secreted by the pituitary glands
• Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus
In some instance, the hormones may not be produced by these parts of the brain. This can occur if those parts of the brain stop functioning. The glands can also produce a low amount of hormones or sometimes produce excessive hormones. When such a condition occurs, one is said to be ill or sick. When one is in such a condition, it is recommended that they seek medical attention so that the doctors can stabilize their situation. Below are some of the hormones secreted by the glands mentioned earlier and the disease that one is said to have if there is no secretion of the hormone or there is low or high secretion of the hormone.[. Ukena, Kazuyoshi, Eiko Iwakoshi-Ukena, Tomohiro Osugi, and Kazuyoshi Tsutsui. "Identification and localization of gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) orthologs in the hypothalamus of the red-eared slider turtle, Trachemys scripta elegans." General and comparative endocrinology 227 (2016): 69-76.]
Hormones secreted by the pituitary glands
The pituitary gland is sometimes called the master gland because the hormones secreted by the glands control a lot of the body functions. This gland is essential because it senses the need of our body and sends signals to different body organs to regulate the function the body want to perform. Below are some of the hormones produced by the pituitary glands, their role in the body and the illness that one will have if they are produced in low or high quantity, and when they are not produced completely.[. de Rotte, Alexandra AJ, Amy Groenewegen, Dik R. Rutgers, Theo Witkamp, Pierre MJ Zelissen, FJ Anton Meijer, Erik J. van Lindert, Ad Hermus, Peter R. Luijten, and Jeroen Hendrikse. "High resolution pituitary gland MRI at 7.0 tesla: a clinical evaluation in Cushing’s disease." European radiology 26, no. 1 (2016): 271-277.] [. Ibid, 17]
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone is produced by the pituitary gland at the corticotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. It is secreted in the intermittent pulse which it sends to all parts of the body by the bloodstream. The hormone has a diurnal rhythm, as it is high during the morning immediately after waking up and lowers as the day continue. Once the Adrenocorticotropic hormone reaches the adrenal glands, it is attached with receptors that stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol.[. Ibid, 6]
Effects of Too Much Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
The effect of more than usual Adrenocorticotropic hormone is due to the increase in cortisol levels. Excess production of these hormones can be due to; Cushing’s disease, a tumor, Addison's disease and congenital adrenal hyperplasia which is a general disorder when there is low production of cortisol.
Effects of Too low or no Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Lower level, then normal of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone can lead to malfunctioning of the adrenal gland. This is simply because the lower Adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the production of only a few cortisol. Lower level than normal of this hormone can be caused by; Cushing’s syndrome which is related to the adrenal tumor, Cushing syndrome related to taking steroid medicines or a side effect after a pituitary radiation therapy.[. Ibid, 22]
Growth Hormone
This hormone controls the growth, metabolism and the composition of bodies. It is produced at the anterior part of the pituitary gland which then releases them into the bloodstream. Low concentration of this hormone results in a situation referred to as growth hormone deficiency.
The deficiency of the growth hormones is as a result of tumors in the brain. When one has serious injuries on the brain, radiation therapy of the pituitary can be affected by the deficiency of these hormones. Children with this disorder appear to be shorter and have rounded younger faces.
Many teenagers with these disorders appear to have low self-esteem due to delay in the development of their bodies. There are also other several psychological symptoms that are associated with those with such disorder. These are; depression, poor memory and lack of concentration.[. Beshay, Victor E., and Bruce R. Carr. "Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis and Control of the Menstrual Cycle." In Clinical Reproductive Medicine and Surgery, pp. 1-17. Springer, Cham, 2017]
These disorders can be treated by being diagnosed with growing hormones by being injected with the synthetic growth hormones in the body fatty tissues. This diagnosis will help in the development of the body, but it is associated with some side effects like a headache, heap pain and the injection site turns red.
Luteinising Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinising Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone are called gonadotrophic hormones. They are responsible for the functioning of ovaries and testes. They are produced and released by the anterior pituitary. In men, the stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) acts on Sertoli cells, at the testes, to produce sperm through a process known as spermatogenesis. In women, the FSH triggers the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary just before an egg it is removed at ovulation.[. Aiyer, M. S., SHARON A. CHIAPPA, and G. Fink. "A priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing factor on the anterior pituitary gland in the female rat." Journal of Endocrinology 62, no. 3 (1974): 573-588.]
On the other end, luteinizing hormone (LH) in men triggers the Leydig cells to produce testosterone, where spermatogenesis takes place. The testosterone produces also give a man district characteristics like the growth of beards, deep voice and development of muscles. In women, LH performs two roles in the menstrual cycle. In the first week, it stimulates the ovarian follicles located in the ovary to produce estrogen hormone. At the middle of the menstrual period, where ovulation takes place, LH causes the ovarian follicle to tear and release an egg that is mature. In case the egg gets fertilized during ovulation, LH stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone hormone that will help in maintaining the pregnancy.[. Ibid, 30]
Effect of too much FSH and LH
Higher level more than usual of the stimulating follicle hormone (FSH) might cause the malfunctioning of the ovaries and testis in women and men respectively. When there is more FSH, less estrogen and testosterone hormone are secreted by their gonads making them have a condition known as hypergonadotrophic-hypogonadism. This condition is mainly manifested in men with Klinefelter's syndrome and women with Turner syndrome. Many women experience these condition of high production of stimulating follicle hormone when they are at their menopause indicating the reduction of functions of the ovary cell and hence reduction in the secretion of both estrogen and progesterone hormone. High level of luteinizing hormone in the blood means that there has been a decrease in the production of sex steroids by the testes and ovaries.[. Ibid, 21]
Effect of too low FSH and LH
Too little luteinizing hormone cause infertility in both men and women. A sizable amount of these hormones is necessary for the functioning of testes and ovaries. Men with low luteinizing hormone are said to have Kallmann’s syndrome, a deficiency in gonadotropin-releasing hormone released by the hypothalamus. Lack of luteinizing hormone in women means that ovulation does not take place and the menstrual cycle is therefore not regular. An example of such a condition is amenorrhoea. Lack of follicle stimulating or little of it in women leads to incomplete development of the girls at puberty and ovarian failure.[. Ibid 9]
Prolactin
Prolactin is named after its famous stimulation for the production of milk in mammals which is sucked from their breast by the newborn young ones immediately after birth. This hormone performs a lot of functions in the body that can be classified as reproductive, osmoregulation, metabolic, immunoregulation or the behavior function. Prolactin, in human beings, is produced in both the anterior pituitary gland and other parts of the body like the uterus, breast and the prostate.[. HALÁSZ, BÉLA, and LAJOS PUPP. "Hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary gland after physical interruption of all nervous pathways to the hypophysiotrophic area." Endocrinology 77, no. 3 (1965): 553-562]
Effect of too much prolactin
Hyperprolactinaemia is the disorder that one experience when she has more prolactin than the one required by the body. The main cause for this disorder is pregnancy and medications which reduces the dopamine action of the body. Pituitary tremors and thyroid underactivity can also cause it. The symptoms of this disorder are the production of unwanted milk, menstrual disturbances and symptoms of lack of estrogen in women and testosterone deficiency in men. The patient suffering from prolactinoma is treated by being diagnosed by cabergoline a drug that acts as dopamine.[. Veldhuis, Johannes D., Mark L. Carlson, and Michael L. Johnson. "The pituitary gland secretes in bursts: appraising the nature of glandular secretory impulses by simultaneous multiple-parameter deconvolution of plasma hormone concentrations." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84, no. 21 (1987): 7686-7690.]
Effect of too low or no prolactin
Hyperprolactinaemia is the condition where a patient has little prolactin hormone. It is very rare to find people with these disorders, but it occurs due to pituitary underactivity. Lower production of prolactin leads to the production of a low amount of milk by the mothers who are giving birth. Majority of patients with lower prolactin production have no medical problems, but it is believed that their low immune response to infections causes it.[. Ibid] [. HALÁSZ, BÉLA, and LAJOS PUPP. "Hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary gland after physical interruption of all nervous pathways to the hypophysiotrophic area." Endocrinology 77, no. 3 (1965): 553-562]
Hormones Secreted by the Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus is a small region, near the pituitary gland and is located at the base of the brain. Apart from releasing hormone, hypothalamus also helps in other body functions like; regulating body temperature, controlling appetite, managing sexual behavior and emotional response regulation. The hypothalamus is divided into three regions with each region having its nuclei. The cluster of neurons is responsible for releasing hormones.[. Ibid] [. Corradi, Patricia Freitas, Renato B. Corradi, and Loren Wissner Greene. "Physiology of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis in the male." Urologic Clinics 43, no. 2 (2016): 151-162.]
Anterior region
The region is also called the supraoptic region because it has the major nuclei. There are also other nuclei in this region that play a big role in the secretion of hormones. Many of these hormones interact with the pituitary glands to yield other hormones. Some of the crucial hormones produced in the anterior region of the hypothalamus are;
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - This hormone is responsible for handling emotion and physical stress. This hormone triggers the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulating the production of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Cortisol is very important in controlling stress.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) - This is the hormone produced by the hypothalamus which signals the pituitary gland to secrete reproduction hormones such as the luteinizing hormone and the stimulating follicle hormone.
Oxytocin – This hormone controls both emotions and behavior such as trust and sexual arousal. Some reproduction activities like childbearing is another function of the oxytocin hormone.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) - This hormone triggers the pituitary gland to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Thyroid-stimulating hormone plays a significant role in the body such as the control of the heart, muscles and gastrointestinal tract.[. Ibid 19]
Vasopressin – it is also known as Anti-Diuretic Hormones. This hormone is responsible in osmoregulation where it sends a signal to the kidney, when more water is needed to be reabsorbed by these organs or when only a small amount of water is needed for reabsorption, and the rest excreted.
Somatostatin – Unlike all other hormones, Somatostatin stops the pituitary gland from producing growth hormones and thyroid-stimulating hormones which regulate the amount of production of these hormones by the pituitary glands.
The anterior region also helps in regulating body temperature through excretion of sweat and maintain the cardiac rhythm.[. Ibid, 27]
Hypothalamus Disorders
When the hypothalamus does not work properly, it is said to be dysfunction. Below are some of the causes that may cause the hypothalamus to stop functioning; injury of the head, genetic disorders like growth hormone deficiency, brain surgery, tremor around the hypothalamus and eating disorders such as bulimia. Hypothalamus dysfunction plays a major role in disorders such as;[. Tang, Yizhe, Sudarshana Purkayastha, and Dongsheng Cai. "Hypothalamic microinflammation: a common basis of metabolic syndrome and aging." Trends in neurosciences 38, no. 1 (2015): 36-44.]
Diabetes insipidus – Since the hypothalamus is damaged, it means that Anti-Diuretic Hormones are produced, as they are produced at the hypothalamus. The kidney will not be able to be triggered to reabsorption of water by the kidney hence increasing urination and thirst.[. Ibid]
Prader-Willi syndrome – This is a disorder that the hypothalamus is not able to learn that someone is full when eating. This disorder is rarely genetically inherited. A person with Prader-Willi syndrome has a constant urge to eat; this increases the risk of the person being obesity. A slower metabolism characterizes it.[. Ibid, 53]
Hypopituitarism – This type of disorders occurs when the hormones produced by the pituitary glands are not enough for the task the body needs. This is due to the damage of the pituitary glands. Hypothalamus dysfunction can also lead to the same condition as most of the hormones produced by the pituitary gland, is as a result of being triggered by the hypothalamus.[Ibid, 47]
Prevention of Hypothalamus dysfunction
Sometimes these hypothalamus conditions are challenging to evade but here are some of the tips that might help us maintain our hypothalamus healthier.
Eating balanced diet meals
The balanced diet is essential to our body and especially when it comes to the hypothalamus. Too much fat causes the hypothalamus to be inflamed.
Have enough time to sleep
Sleep deprivation was earlier being linked by hypothalamic dysfunction in rats. Recent studies show that sleep deprivation can cause neurological diseases. One should, therefore, have enough sleep to maintain the coordination between the hypothalamus and other body organs.
Do Exercise
Exercise is very important in one’s life as it improves one general health. It has been studied that exercise protects us from hypothalamus inflammation that may be caused by the bulk intake of a fatty diet.
Glossary
TERM

UK/US

DESCRIPTION

CROSS-

EQUIVALENT




REFERENCE









adynamia n.

UK,US

presentation of apathy


1.

labilidad afectiva



or lack of motivation


2.

labilidad afectiva



following a brain injury









affective lability n.


sudden and frequent

affect lability



change of mood







anosmia n.

UK,US

temporary to


Anosmie



permanent loss of






sense of smell






pertaining an illness or






head injury









anoxia n.

UK,US

oxygen deprivation to


la anoxia



the brain caused by a






swelling









aphasia n.

UK,US

difficulties producing or

expressive

La Aphasia




aphasia;





understanding speech







global aphasia;





resulting from an injury

receptive aphasia











to the Broca’s and






Wernicke’s area










arachnoid mater n.

UK,US

layer of protective

meninges

1.

Mater aracnoides



tissue around the


2.

Mater aracnoides



cranium between the



Mater aracnoides



dura and pia mater



Mater aracnoides






arousal n.

UK,US

level of alertness


la excitación sexual
HYPERLINK "https://audio1.spanishdict.com/audio?lang=es&text=la-excitaci%C3%B3n-sexual&key=01af4384102499d533d93c754418e765"



caused by stimuli to the






cerebrum










brain haemorrhage

UK,US

bleeding within the


1.

hemorragia cerebral

n.


cranium caused by


2.

hemorragia cerebral



broken blood vessels



hemorragia cerebral






hemorragia cerebral

brain stem n.

UK,US

formed by the

pons; medulla



mesencephalon, pons




and medulla bellow the




cerebrum, connecting it




to the spinal cord and




regulates the visceral



el tronco del encéfalo



nervous system









Broca’s area n.

UK,US

the area located in the left

cerebral

Broca-Areal



cerebral hemisphere

hemispheres ;





responsible for speech

Wernicke’s area





production















8 of 17

TERM

UK/US

DESCRIPTION

CROSS-

EQUIVALENT




REFERENCE









cerebellum n.

UK,US

part of the brain


1.

el cerebelo



located in the


2.

HYPERLINK "https://audio1.spanishdict.com/audio?lang=es&text=el-cerebelo&key=cd02e3a7fb38d2da7e930e83215410b0"



metencephalon



el cerebelo



regulating the body’s






coordination










cerebral

UK,US

the two divisions of the

cerebrum

1.

hemisferios cerebrales n.

hemispheres n.


cerebrum located on its



hemisferios cerebrales n.



the left and right side


2.

hemisferios cerebrales n.






hemisferios cerebrales n.






cerebral oedema n.

UK

swelling caused by





large amounts of fluid



edema cerebral



in the cerebrum









cerebrospinal fluid

UK,US

fluid produced in the

CSF abbr.

líquido cefalorraquídeo