Gendering through bodily practices

Gendering through bodily practices
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Female cosmetic surgery and female circumcision, clitoridectomy, or genital mutilations are closely linked to gender normalization and attitudes towards female bodies. When considering the cultural context, religious and aesthetic reasons to achieve designer vaginas, female surgeries are mostly aesthetic or for sexual reasons in the west (Green, 2005: 170). In western discourse, female genital cutting is interpreted as uncivilized, vulgar and associated with male dominance in non-Western societies (Abusharaf 2001: 115). For women whose genitalia are not modified and being members of communities where female cutting is widely accepted, there is pressure for girls and women to undergo the cut, and the cut affects social relations.
Female image concerns influence trends in cosmetic surgery that are closely intertwined and technology has made it easier to achieve the desired appearances. Girls and women have to look certain ways to be considered attractive and cosmetic surgery is one way to achieve this. In western societies, the media normalizes white feminine appearance even when targeting non–western communities ...