Comprehending Denial And Deception In Intelligence Studies

Comprehending Denial And Deception In Intelligence Studies
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Introduction
Denial and deception are a term used in the military to refers to a combination of operations undertaken by a nation to attain its military objectives. Denial refers to the ability to block information which enemies could potentially use to learn the truth. Deception, on the other hand, refers to an effort to cause enemies to believe something untrue. While the two refer to different activities, they are intertwined and work as a single military concept. In the military, the logic of confusing the enemy is fundamental, and when used appropriately, the rewards can be huge. Joseph W. Caddell states that deception is divided into active and passive deception categories. Active deception is designed to offer adversaries evidence of capabilities and intentions which in reality, do not exist. Passive deception, on the other hand, refers to hiding real military intentions and capabilities from military adversaries. An example of passive military perception in the history of America is evident in the Japanese attack on Pearl harbor. Prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese military adopted passive deception to confuse and distract their adversaries, the US. The Japanese ambassador’s Kurusu and Nomura presence in Washington DC in 1941 was a strategic military plan. Japan pretends to continue its diplomatic negotiations and, in process, making it hard for the US to understand Japan's intentions. This strategy allowed Japan to hide its actual intentions and pull a major tactical military surprise in the Pearl Harbor attack.[Gentry, John A., and Joseph S. Gordon. "US strategic warning intelligence: Situation and prospects." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 31, no. 1 (2018): 19-53.] [Caddell, Joseph. “DECEPTION 101―PRIMER ON DECEPTION”, (2004): 1-19.]
Comprehend fundamental theories of the use of Denial and Deception in shaping perception.
According to Caddell (2004), perception refers to a process of inference whereby people construct their reality based on information provided to them through their five common senses. Through perception, people organize and interpret information against an already existing network of knowledge. Whenever the information conforms to previously held thoughts, the individuals will more likely accept the information as accurate. This means that humans depend significantly on previously held assumptions and preconceptions to arrive at decisions. Conversely, deception is considered a deliberate manipulation of people's minds through dissimulation and simulation. In the military, deception is an intentional strategy used by the military to gain a competitive advantage over adversaries. Deception, as stated earlier, are intertwined with denial, which refers to the strategy of blocking information. Whenever a military group realizes that accurate information exists with adversaries, they must find ways to stop adversaries from leveraging on that truth. Deception and denial have worked in many instances by ensuring that enemies opt for decisions that work against them in the long run. In the sociological realm, any situation defined as real is perceived as accurate in its consequences. The social construct of reality theory argues that whenever people interact in their society, they recreate a mental representation of each other's actions over time. Theoretically, understanding the strategies adversities view their world is fundamental in successfully running a denial and deception campaign.[Department of the Army. FM 3-13.4 Army Support to Military Deception, (2019): 1-92.] [Caddell, Joseph. “DECEPTION 101―PRIMER ON DECEPTION”, (2004): 2.] [Martin, Charmaine L. Military deception reconsidered. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, 2008.]
Toward Theory for Dissuasion (or Deterrence) and cognitive load approach presents opportunities to both deceiver and adversary to avoid consequences of denial and deception. Deterrence by denial typically deters a military action by making the action unlikely to sail through, thus denying the deceivers the confidence of attaining its D&D objectives. For example, adversaries can counter deceit by deploying sufficient military personnel to win a military battle. The cognitive load approach is founded on the notion that rehearsing a lie for long presents the deceiver the opportunity to evade detection by adversaries. Theoretically, deceivers' repeated statements will certainly integrate into their philosophy, making adversaries perceive the lie as accurate. The human mind has many limitations, one being that it does not come easily with risk, uncertainty, complexities, and ambiguities; thus, people have resorted to cognitive biases to make decisions, especially when faced with overwhelming data. Through the theoretical framework that D&D planners understand the scope of deception and what deception might not achieve. Deception serves as part and parcel of the military exercise, and it demands a strong understanding of adversaries’ worldviews and psychological vulnerabilities. Every D&D helps to accomplish critical objectives, including first delaying and surprising adversaries through confusion and ambiguity. Secondly, manipulating the enemy to misallocate personnel, finances, or resources. Thirdly, cause the enemy to disclose their weaknesses, strengths, intentions, or dispositions.[Davis, Paul. "Toward Theory for Dissuasion (or Deterrence) by Denial: Using Simple Cognitive Models of the Adversary to Inform Strategy." (2014): 1-24.] [Roy, Godson, and J. Wirtz James. "Strategic Denial and Deception." In Strategic Denial and Deception, pp. 1-14. Routledge, (2017): 425-437.] [Martin, Charmaine L. Military deception reconsidered. NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA, 2008.] [Department of the Army. FM 3-13.4 Army Support to Military Deception, (2019): 1-92.]
Finally, strategically implementing denial and deception should potentially cause the adversary to waste their combat reso...