Inoculation and smallpox in 18th century impact public health sphere

Essay Instructions:

Answer each prompt with related questions to it I will send the sources as well ************************** Prompt 1 Idea of Immunity Prompt by Elise A. Mitchell Scarification West African therapeutic system—the ritual authority that immunity confers; smallpox societies and scarification guilds in West Africa: Ichi, Sagbata, Sopona ▪ Igbo people—Igbu Ichi; Olaudah Equiano SECTION_II_001.pdf Mitchell_Elise.pdf continue prompt 1 ▪ Sculpture—scarification on Igbo, Yoruba, and other bronzes and brasses ▪ People—facial/body scarification in an era of slave raiding 1650-1850 CE ▪ university of London Anthropology project—[Re:]Entanglement scarification sources https://www(dot)youtube(dot)com/watch?v=--h9KUBV_gM ( still a practice today) https://faculty(dot)uml(dot)edu/bmarshall/The%20Interesting%20Narrative%20of%20the%20Life%20of%20Olaudah%20Equiano.pdf (he Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written By Himself. (London, 1789) chs. 1 & 2) Prompt 2 Consult Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1751-1772), VIII (1765). http://enccre(dot)academie-sciences(dot)fr/encyclopedie/ Find the heading “practice of inoculation” between paragraphs 28 and 38 (or between pp. 758a and 759a) - Idea of immunity 28-48 SECTION_II_002.pdf | READ pageS 1-9 ONLY: Jenner, Edward. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolæ vaccinæ, a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox. By Edward Jenner, M. D. F.R.S. &c. 2nd ed., printd for the author, by Sampson Low, No. 7, Berwick Street, Soho: and sold by Law, Ave-Maria Lane; and Murray and Highley, Fleet Street, 1800. Prompt 4 Weindling, Paul. “The Immunological Tradition,” Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, edited by W. F. Bynum, and Roy Porter, Taylor & Francis Group, 1993. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral(dot)proquest(dot)com/lib/huntercollege-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1222947, pp. 192-204 https://ebookcentral(dot)proquest(dot)com/lib/huntercollege-ebooks/reader.action?docID=1222947 extra info for prompt 3 https://onlinelibrary(dot)wiley(dot)com/doi/epdf/10.1111/exd.12925 All prompts 200 words Essay No. 3 DISCUSS TOPICS IN ALL 4 SECTIONS SECTION 1 Read the attached PDF by: Mitchell, Elise A. "Morbid Crossings: Surviving Smallpox, Maritime Quarantine, and the Gendered Geography of the Early Eighteenth-Century Intra-Caribbean Slave Trade." The William and Mary Quarterly 79, no. 2 (2022): 177-210. Discuss this reading; pay attention to: WHAT the main topic of the reading is, and HOW the author tells her narrative What does the author mean by the phrase “kings of the earth” on page 183? (Refer to your class syllabus/notes on: Smallpox Societies and Scarification Guilds in West Africa) Compare the phrase “kings of the earth” on page 183 with the description of “earth priests” in I. Achebe, The Idea of Immunity, pp. 28-48 only (200 words minimum) SECTION 2 Consult Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (1751-1772), VIII (1765). http://enccre(dot)academie-sciences(dot)fr/encyclopedie/ Search for the word “inoculation” and click on it Find the heading “practice of inoculation” between paragraphs 28 and 38 (or between pp. 758a and 759a) Describe the different inoculation practices mentioned therein Compare the different inoculation practices mentioned in Encyclopédie with the practices in West Africa as discussed in Achebe, The Idea of Immunity, pp. 28-48 only (200 words minimum) SECTION 3 READ PAGES 1-9 ONLY: Jenner, Edward. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolæ vaccinæ, a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox. By Edward Jenner, M. D. F.R.S. &c. 2nd ed., printd for the author, by Sampson Low, No. 7, Berwick Street, Soho: and sold by Law, Ave-Maria Lane; and Murray and Highley, Fleet Street, 1800. link.gale.com/apps/doc/CW0107470990/ECCO?u=cuny_hunter&sid=bookmark-ECCO&xid=2bbc920d&pg=5 Accessed 12 April, 2024. Describe Jenner’s theory of how the cowpox made its “progress from the Horse to the nipple of the Cow, and from the Cow to the Human Subject” (p. 6) (200 words minimum) SECTION 4 READ: Weindling, Paul. “The Immunological Tradition,” Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine, edited by W. F. Bynum, and Roy Porter, Taylor & Francis Group, 1993. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral(dot)proquest(dot)com/lib/huntercollege-ebooks/detail.action?docID=1222947, pp. 192-204 Describe WHAT the main topic of the reading is, and HOW the author discusses their narrative (300 words minimum) TIPS: Write SHORT, clear sentences. Put citations at the end of EVERY sentence or idea that is not your own original thought In order to access the text go to the URL of the readings in the syllabus Write your name, the course ID, and prompt at the beginning of your response

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Inoculation and Smallpox in the 18th Century Impact Public Health Sphere Student Name Institution Date Section 1 The main topic of Mitchell’s work is demonstrating how an enslaved African woman could survive smallpox in the intra-Caribbean slave trade. Despite the disease affecting most of the slave populations, Mitchell gives an account of the slave women to show historical epidemiology and the broader effect of the slave trade on health. The author demonstrates how the capture and enslavement of African people adversely affected the social, spiritual, and political dimensions of the people, which made them more vulnerable to illness, injury, and violence. The author tells the narrative through the lenses of an enslaved African woman, who gave birth while in quarantine after surviving smallpox, the transatlantic journey, and the gendered challenges. Mitchell gives a detailed description of the enslaved African women, allowing the reader to see how despite the challenges of the slave trade, one could still survive a deadly disease like smallpox.[Mitchell, Elise A. "Morbid Crossings: Surviving Smallpox, Maritime Quarantine, and the Gendered Geography of the Early Eighteenth-Century Intra-Caribbean Slave Trade." The William and Mary Quarterly 79, no. 2 (2022): 177-210. Pg. 178] The phrase, "kings of the earth" is meant to demonstrate deities ruling the affairs of the world. The deities were considered so powerful to the extent of punishing the people with smallpox whenever they went wrong. These "kings of the earth" controlled the affairs of the earth, establishing the way activities were done. The “Kings of the earth” were responsible for the land, water, agricultural activities, human fertility, and health among individuals and the community. Unlike the “Kings of the earth” who were deities, the “earth priests” were Igbo priests who had established a strong spiritual institution that was respected widely. The “earth priests” exercised authority in the area, and acted as ritual agents, enabling them to be agents of social change.[Ibid Pg. 183] [Achebe, Ike. The idea of immunity: West African medicine in the age of enlightenment. New York: IADP, 2020.] Section 2 In Circassia, the operator pricks the child with three needles in the pit of the stomach left breast, navel, right wrist, and left ankle. Greek women used a sharp triangular needle to make small wounds in the body. The women would apply liquid material recently obtained from spots of natural and benign smallpox to the small wounds of their patients. In Bengal, a pierce is made between the thumb and index finger then the threat is soaked in smallpox pus. The same is done in Tripoli of Barbary, only that the incision is at the back of the hand. In Wales, children scratch the back of their hand until it bleeds, then rub the wound against a current smallpox patient. Another method Mr. Tronchin does is cutting the skin with a blistering plaster, and then placing a thread that has been passed via a smallpox bud. In Padua, a surgeon inoculates by applying a parchment coated with smallpox pus under the armpits, under the hocks, and on the wrists. In China, inoculation is done by introducing a scented cotton that has been sprinkled with dried-up smallpox crusts into the nose. In West Africa, variolation was done through a surgical procedure for the prevention of smallpox. However, Achebe indicates that variation in West Africa Went beyond the surgical procedure to incorporate a range of pr...

Updated on July 14, 2024

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