Why do we sometimes refer to the events of 1868 in Japan as a ‘restoration’, but the years following 1911 in China as ‘revolutionary’?

WHY DO WE SOMETIMES REFER TO THE EVENTS OF 1868 IN JAPAN AS A ‘RESTORATION’, BUT THE YEARS FOLLOWING 1911 IN CHINA AS ‘REVOLUTIONARY’?
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Introduction
The Meiji Restoration of 1868 is cited as a critical period in Japan’s history, which restored power to the emperor while leading to the rapid modernizing of the country. Similarly, the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 in China established the country as a republic after numerous years of being ruled by dynasties. While the two significant events achieved their objective, the Meiji Restoration only reestablished what already existed in Japan while the Xinhai Revolution established a ground-breaking idea that had never been witnessed in the history of China. Therefore, using the political definition and characteristics of a revolution and restoration, this paper aims to discuss why the events of 1868 in Japan are referred to as “restoration” while the years following 1911 in China are referred to as “revolutionary.”
Factors that contributed to the Meiji Restoration
Before the revolution, the government system stimulated the growth of national institutions. Most schools tied to private scholars, government offices, and temples gave Japan high levels of literacy. 40% of the boys were literate while 10% of the girls were educated in the 18000s. Industries and trade developed even though the Tokugawa government and Samurai declined economically. As a result, there was a high capital accumulation in Japan. Additionally, culture firm different cities were very innovative because people were able to produce a combination of novels, woodblock prints and haiku poetry. In the 1800s, Japan was considered as the world's forefront in every critical level of development.
Contingencies made late-Tokugawa Japan ready for change. A lot of leaders in the country were interested in western culture. As a result, they started to learn about it, especially the industrial revolution which brought nations from China to the Philippines under the European influence. During this particular period, the European and American seaman started visiting the ports of Japan seeking to conclude the isolation policy of the country. Distant domains like Choshu and Satsuma began to experience economic and political growth. In the 1850s a lot of regions in the country had increased their self-confidence. Lastly, the decision of Tokugawa to allow foreigners into Japan in 1854 was a source of Meiji Restoration.
The Meiji Restoration is used to describe the political events of 1868. The term is also used to refer to the changes that occurred after the establishment of the new government. These changes include the establishment of the modern cabinet system, abolition of feudal domains, and proclamation of the Meiji Constitution. The main goal of the restored government was to embrace the rule of the new Emperor in the Charter Oath. The Meiji Restoration brought significant changes in the social and political structure of Japan. During the period of restoration, Japan was able to adopt Western ideas. However, in 1911, revolution arises in China in retort to the failure of the Qing state. It was referred to as revolutionary because of the revolutions comprised of uprising and revolt. The change was the main feature of the Meiji era. Japan became the most powerful colonial power with modern institutions.
Why the events of 1868 In Japan are referred to as a “restoration”
In political science, restoration is defined as the bringing back of a particular law or governance system. The Japanese monarchy is the oldest in the world and dates back to 660 BC during the reign of Emperor Jimmu. Before the Edo period, emperors were seen as a manifestation of the gods and holy figures that were in direct contact with gods. Regardless of their power, the emperors were respectful and acted in the best interest of the Japanese. However, during the Edo period, the rulers shifted away from the principles of imperialism by practicing military dictatorship that rewarded the wealthy while oppressing the poor. However, after the abrupt visit of Commodore Matthew Perry, the Shogun signed a series of unequal contracts such as the Treaty of Kanagawa, which opened Japanese ports to American ships in exchange of not being bombed. Due to his inability to enforce his will on the Americans, the majority of the public felt that the Shogun had dishonored the sacred soil of Japan by allowing foreigners to come ashore freely. As a result, the majority of the Japanese demanded the restoration of power to the emperor whom they perceived as being able to deal with American invasion. The restoration was done under the slogan "fukoku Kyohei" (enrich Japan by strengthening the military). Indeed after restoring power to the emperor, Japan became powerful and even invaded Korea and China. Therefore, the events of 1868 were undertaken to restore Japan into an imperialist country to deal with western influence and become a powerful country.[Niven, John. "Peace and Amity, Treaty of/Kanagawa, Treaty of (1854)." Imperialism and Expansionism in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 volumes]: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection (2015): 299.]
Although the Edo era brought about economic expansion for the merchant class, it was semi-feudal in nature, which oppressed the farmers and some of the samurais. Before the Edo Period, samurais occupied the highest social class in Japan while the farmers enjoyed numerous benefits that originated from the emperors. However, during the Edo period (1603 to 1868), mobility laws threatened the social status of young samurais by controlling their interactions. As a result, some of the samurai’s from the south formed groups that continuously attacked the Shogun’s soldiers while others moved to cities to become small shop owners. On the other hand, no matter how rich an individual farmer was, all farmers were prohibited from owning better homes than samurais, even if the samurais owned them money. In the 1750s, Tokugawa Shogunate and his vassals owned one-fourth of Japan’s land while the remaining land was under the control of the princes. Consequently, the majority of the farmers and young samurais became tenants without rights because the Shogun used their lands to obtain credit from creditors who were called new landlords (goshi or shin jinushi). The great famine that occurred from the mid-18th to the mid-19th century increased disgruntlement among the farmers. Therefore, the increasing internal divisions legitimized the restoration of the emperor whom the samurais and farmers perceived as a just figure. Truly, the administration of Emperor Meiji granted all the Japanese the right to buy and sell their land while land taxes were significantly reduced. As a result, the Meiji Restoration does not just refer to the reestablishment of Japan as an empire, but also to the restoration of justice that was enjoyed by samurais and farmers in the previous administrations.[Esenbel, Selçuk. "The Study of Local Administration in Early Modern Japan: The Case of Nakano Tenryō During the Tokugawa Period, 1637–1868." In Japan, Turkey and the World of Islam, pp. 246-265. Global Oriental, 2011.]
Lastly, the Meiji Constituti...