Orientalism, Readymade, Avant-Garde, and Site-Specific Art
This is a take-home, open-book examination, and submitted to the Turn-it-In prompt through BLACKBOARD.
Exams must be MS Word .doc/.docx files or equivalents through free-to-download programs like Open Office or Libre Office (no PDFs, no Google Docs- these cannot be graded) and exams CANNOT be emailed.
Consultation of outside sources is PERMITTED as long as the information is in the form of a paraphrase (no direct quotations/ no "copying" straight out of the textbook or from a website) and each sentence where you have looked-up information and put that information into your own words is to be immediately followed with a citation. (This includes sources such as the textbook, tools available through the Pace Library like the Grove Dictionary of Art/ Oxford Art Online, and appropriate internet web sites like the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Timeline of Art History and Smarthistory.org/ Khan Academy. NO general encyclopedias like Britannica and Wikipedia. NO "dot.com" sites.) All sources used in the exam must appear in a bibliography at the back of your exam. Please follow Chicago Style for the citations and the bibliography.
Any exam containing information in the form of direct quotations, or paraphrased information without a citation will result in no credit for that portion of the exam.
If you have any question please feel free to ask me, if you need College online library I will send you the link, username, and password.
Art 103
Exams must be MS Word .doc/.docx files or equivalents through free-to-download programs like Open Office or Libre Office (no PDFs, no Google Docs- these cannot be graded) and exams CANNOT be emailed.
Consultation of outside sources is PERMITTED as long as the information is in the form of a paraphrase (no direct quotations/ no "copying" straight out of the textbook or from a website) and each sentence where you have looked-up information and put that information into your own words is to be immediately followed with a citation. (This includes sources such as the textbook, tools available through the Pace Library like the Grove Dictionary of Art/ Oxford Art Online, and appropriate internet web sites like the Metropolitan Museum of Art's Timeline of Art History and Smarthistory.org/ Khan Academy. NO general encyclopedias like Britannica and Wikipedia. NO "dot.com" sites.) All sources used in the exam must appear in a bibliography at the back of your exam. Please follow Chicago Style for the citations and the bibliography.
Any exam containing information in the form of direct quotations, or paraphrased information without a citation will result in no credit for that portion of the exam.
Part I: Short-Answer Questions (40 points)
Answer each question and all of its components in complete sentences. (10 points each)
1. What is Orientalism?
How does Orientalism fit within the larger context of Romanticism?
In a few sentences, discuss two Orientalist aspects of Antoine-Jean Gros's, Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa.
2. What is a readymade?
Why is Marcel Duchamp's Fountain considered a readymade?
In a few sentences, explain how Fountain lead to the invention of works of Conceptual Art like Joseph Kosuth's One and Three Chairs.
3. What does it mean for a work of art to be avant-garde?
In a few sentences, discuss why and how Edouard Manet's Olympia was considered to be avant-garde in 1863.
4. What is site-specific art?
In a few sentences, explain how Robert Smithson's Spiral Jetty is site-specific.
Part II: The Essay (60 points)
You make take as much time as you need to complete this exam before the due date and time; if you choose to write the essay in one sitting it should not take you less than one hour to answer the question fully. The discussion of each example should be at least a substantial paragraph.
Compose a well-organized essay—with an introduction, thesis statement, body paragraphs, and a conclusion—in full sentences with proper citations to answer the following question. Choose four examples of works of art or architecture studied over the course of the semester from DIFFERENT periods within Art History from the following list of artworks. In drafting your answer, first list the four examples you have chosen at the top, providing all the "ID" information: the name of the artist, the title of the work, the date, the art historical period, the medium (painting, sculpture, or architecture), and the location (in the case of architecture). If the "ID" information is incomplete or not listed at the top of the essay before the essay has been begun, points will be deducted.
Evaluation of the essay will be based on the clarity of your argument, your command of the material, and selecting solid sources and accurately documenting the information that you have taken from them. You should pick examples that you can discuss in detail! Some choices may be more "easy" than other choices, and largely depend on what you -do- to demonstrate how that work satisfies the question. Each example (and its complete "ID" information at the top) constitutes 15 points. Do not forget to discuss the historical context, and do not use "at that time"- use exact dates and art historical periods when referring to each example and avoid ambiguous pronouns. You should also write out the FULL title when discussing the work, and refer to each artist by his or her last name. (Do not say "1, 2, 3, 4" or "A, B, C, D.")
The essay question:
Works of art often reflect contemporary events and use art to reflect or critique social and political environments. Discuss FOUR of the works of art from this list that directly engage with or reveal the influence of their historical moment.
Choose FOUR examples from this list from DIFFERENT Art Historical periods, FULLY identify, and discuss:
Gianlorenzo Bernini, St. Peter’s Square
Antonio Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus
Maurizio Cattelan, America
Judy Chicago, The Dinner Party
Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers
Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii
Manuel de Arellano, Virgin of Guadalupe
Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People
Jean-Honore Fragonard, The Swing
Paul Gauguin, Manao Tupapau/ Spirit of the Dead Watching
Theodore Gericault, Raft of the Medusa
Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808
Hannah Höch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife Dada Through the Last Weimar Beer-Belly Cultural Epoch in Germany
Edward Hopper, Nighthawks
Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Presenting her Children as her Treasures
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden
Gustav Klimt, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, / The Woman in Gold
Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California
André Le Nôtre, The Park / Gardens of Versailles
Maya Lin, Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Jacob Lawrence, During the World War there was a Great Migration North by Southern Negroes
Claude Monet, Gare St-Lazare: Arrival of a Train
Michelangelo, Tomb of Pope Julius II
Timothy O'Sullivan, A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, PA
Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace
Pablo Picasso, Guernica
Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette
Hyacinthe Rigaud, Portrait of Louis XIV
Diego Rivera, Man, Controller of the Universe
Peter Paul Rubens, Henri IV Receiving the Portrait of Marie de’ Medici
Richard Serra, Tilted Arc
Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte
Lorna Simpson, You’re Fine
Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International
J.M.W. Turner, The Slave Ship / Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying- Typhoon Coming On
Rembrandt van Rijn, The Nightwatch
Jan Vermeer, The Letter
Andy Warhol, Gold Marilyn Monroe
Antoine Watteau, Return from Cythera
Kehinde Wiley, Portrait of Barack Obama
Joseph Wright of Derby, An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump
Art History Final Exam
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Art History Final Exam
Part I: Short-Answer Questions
Orientalism refers to ways through which people perceive that images, exaggerates, emphasizes, and twists differences of cultures and Arab peoples as compared to that of the United States and Europe. It also entails seeing Arab cultures as uncivilized, backward, exotic, and sometimes as dangerous.
The Orientalism era is interfused in the British Romantic literature through the many contradictory ways by which the self-termed Western cultures perceive Eastern cultures as exotic fantasy, as a utopia, as other, as a metaphor, as well as sources of labor, land, and material goods. In the last two decades, British Romanticism scholars have overly questioned the reductive interpretations of Western and Eastern cultural constructs at this time. In effect, this has led to a subsequent integration of recognition of diverse cultural affiliations such as Arabic culture into Romanticism.
Antoine-Jean Gros's Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa is depicted in the neoclassical picture in its subject matter in a formal aspect of virtue. Antoine-Jean depicts a scene against a stage-like milieu of arcades that are redolent of The Oath of the Horatii by David. Antoine-Jean paints represent the aspects of suffering caused by a plague. This feature instills a feeling of sublime and horror among its viewers. Secondly, Antoine-Jean painting is composed of different areas of color and light. The two different light and shades recall and warn those of the Rubens and the Venetian masters. Moreover, Gros is a precursor of Orientalists who used pain to signify oriental dress, facial types, and architecture.
The term readymade was coined by Marcel Duchamp in the early 1900s to refer to prefabricated and usually mass-produced objects that are isolated from their primary intended purpose and upgraded to the ranks of art by artists who design and choose to decorate them to be as such.
Marcel Duchamp's Fountain is considered a readymade because Marcel Duchamp purposely used it as a parameter to test people’s beliefs by deliberately choosing this controversial urinal that could stir outrage about art. The Fountain is used to draw the attention of people to the fact that art is a mirage. Hence, it is still used as a replica version to elicit debates about the concept of art.
Duchamp used the Fountain to invent the conceptual art and established an acceptable connection between the artist’s labor and the qualified merit of their work. Hence, it has been proposed that Duchamp put forward the urinal as a work of art to discredit the power and virtuoso artists’ standings as well as critics who sat in judgment and admiration. This is similar to how atrocities discredited the powers of the authority.
In the art industry, the term "avant-garde" is conventionally used to denote any art, style, or group that is regarded to be predominantly ahead of the majority in its application, subject matter, and technique. Additionally, being "avant-garde" may also entail experimenting with trending techniques or exploring new artistic approaches methods in order to produce more refined arts.
During the 19th century, many artists painted what they considered to reflect their societies’ everyday life. Although Manet came from a privileged social background, his works of art were mainly centered around the lower class or less privileged communities. This, per se, was a rare thing to do and made evident when his Olympia painting was hung, the audience was to be constrained to prevent them from ruining it. The paint emphasized and humanized prostitution at a time when no one wanted to be a party, let alone be reminded of the dark sides of life.
According to Guggenheim Museum, the term site-specific art refers to the interventions of an artist in a specific locale that entails the creation and integration of a work in its environs and exploring its relationship with the locale’s topography. Guggenheim Museum further claims that site-specific art restructures the perception and conception of the viewers of the locale in question through the intervention of the artists.
Part II: The Essay
Oftentimes, artists have always communicated their important messages through artworks. The messages have helped to inspire people and motivate them to think and engage in social, political, as well as in economic activities that have contributed to better their status. Before the invention of learning how to read and write, humankind solely depended on messages that were passed through word of mouth and visual symbols to learn something and express meanings. Primarily, artists use their talents to paint, sculpture, and architect works of art pass across different messages within varying contexts. Hitherto, artworks continue to enlighten and communicate to diverse audiences in varied ways to reach a broad scope and comprehensive mix of audiences. In this paper, we examine how Antonio Canova, Gustave Courbet, Manuel de Arellano, and Judy Chicago used their artworks to communicate messages that reflected the then-contemporary happenings, shaped people’s thoughts, as well as critiquing their social and political environments.
ID:
Name of the Artist: Antonio Canova
The Title of the Work: Pauline Borghese as Venus
The Date: 1778-1779
The Art Historical Period: 1757-1822
The medium: sculpture
The location: Italy
Canova was born in Italy in Passagno in 1757 to a family of stonecutters and sculptors, including his father, Pietro, and his grandfather, Pasino Canova. Canova managed to make around 23 arts, some of which include but are not limited to Daeda...
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