World Regional Geography: Europe, Russia, North, and Middle America

World Regional Geography
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Europe: Euro Crisis
The recent "Euro Crisis" revealed the financial consequences of having a unified monetary union that lacks a substantial system of monetary laws to fit the economic conditions of a member country (Copelovitch, Frieden, & Walter, 2016). In the case of an economically weak country in the European Union, resolving the euro crisis is almost impossible because of the lack of fiscal policy coordination, which adjusts the laws, taxes, and spending of a country that could fit its economic strength (Ferrara, 2019). As a result of having no fiscal policies, countries have had accumulated higher debt than their GDP (Gross Domestic Product) such as Greece, Italy, and Portugal (Wood, 2019). These countries struggle to control their debt and overspending since their economies are tightly linked with the Euro (Wood, 2019). Political conflict among nations clashed over EU countries because of the lack of balance in debt and payment ability of economically weak EU countries (Copelovitch, Frieden, & Walter, 2016).
The economic implications of the Euro show the possibility of countries exiting the EU rather than finding new prospects. The Euro crisis also implies that the members need to sacrifices their domestic economic goals, such as increasing the taxes, decreasing government spending, and increasing debt payments to achieve economic stability. Additionally, EU members with stable financial situations are asked to shoulder some of the debt of some countries support the deteriorating economic situations (Copelovitch, Frieden, & Walter, 2016). These conditions and challenges in the EU show a low degree of attracting new prospects in the European Union, especially if the new prospect is economically stable. The new prospects can be exploited for the economic gain of other members, thus showing a low chance of attracting new countries entering the EU. Unless the EU made a unifying law to change the members overspending and increase their GDP, the EU countries will just accumulate debt and conflict.
In my opinion, the European Union has been bad for the realm. Although EU policies made business and transportation across national borders easier, EU policies lack strength in maintaining economic stability among member nations. This led to business expansion and exploitation of the workforce in other countries as well as indiscriminate immigration of different populations to different EU countries. In business expansion, large and established businesses can easily enter another country’s market, thus, preventing local markets to flourish. These large businesses can exploit the countries with weaker economies as a cheap source of labor to further increase their profit. In immigration, the increase in population can exhaust the resources of different countries since fewer documentations and restrictions are implemented. Additionally, easy travel across national borders can result in an increased possibility of crime and terrorism that can lead to international conflicts and racism.
The EU presents a member country with capital investments and access to resources; however, the EU lacks policies to prevent national and international conflicts from severe debt accumulation. Because the member country’s economies are linked, the economic downfall of one country will also drag down the economy of other EU countries. One immediate solution is increasing the taxes, decreasing government spending, making budget cuts, and increasing debt payments to achieve economic stability; however, these moves would make internal conflicts between the workforce and policymakers that can lead to civil disobedience that can lead to more financial constraints. National political conflicts can arise if the government tried to decrease the allocation of the national budget for beneficial public programs and increase taxpayer's payments. EU countries cannot easily implement laws without considering its implications to the citizens since the domestic workforce has great economic consequences in stabilizing the GDP. Therefore, the EU promoted more disadvantages in the long term than its potential benefits.
Russia: Soviet Union
The party, the police, the military, the bureaucracy, and Soviet republics are relevant in maintaining the balance of power in the Soviet Union; however, there is no clear separation of powers in the branches of the government for the check and balance of power (Sakwa, 1998, p. 107). The Soviet constitution did not give details about the separation of hierarchies among the party, the Soviet republics, and the Government Bureaucracy that defines their political power and limitations (Sakwa, 1998, p. 106). When the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was founded in 1922, certain powers such as the control of the military, the right to declare war, make international treaties, and manage economic growth was centralized in Moscow. The rule of the expansive territory of the USSR was divided into 15 Union Republics, which are meant to manage local affairs and implement the rule of law of the USSR Supreme Soviet (Sakwa, 1998, p. 239).
Because of the Social revolutions before the foundation of the USSR, Marxian ideology was adopted by the political parties as a means to remove the inequalities of social classes and overthrow capitalism. Since there was only one remaining class in the Soviet Union, the working class, only one political party was needed so that states under the USSR would reach socialism (Sherman, 1994). However, the Soviet Union centralized the ownership and planning of economic growth in the country. The Soviet Government was in charge of all the means of production and the government was controlled by a small group. Because of the centralization of power, there are no other forces that can stop the ruling group, which was headed by Stalin, to implement policies that can be detrimental to the people (Sherman, 1994). The Soviet Union policies have six key elements: the total adherence of the people to the ruling class, the implementation of the one-party system, the control of the military by the party, the monopoly of the means of communication, the system of police control, and the centralization of the economy (Sakwa, 1998, p. 156). Some of the policies involved in agriculture and industrialization make more developmental problems than benefits. In the agriculture sector, one of the Soviet Union's policies was to remove the ownership of farms from farmers and make force agriculture in collective farms. In industrialization, Stalin forces the workers and engineers to develop defense machinery and buildings. Additionally, Stalin would "purge" those who would not follow his orders; thus, lowering the number of qualified citizens for the means of production (Sakwa, 1998, p. 44). The Soviet Union's force of production declined from 1960 to 1990 causing the political-economy of the country to decline. This forced the people to protest against the government and create a revolution to end the Soviet Union (Sherman, 1994).
In 1991, the USSR fell and the communist system of government was dissolved. Russia had become independent in the state of economic downfall and political disorder. To prevent future problems of a centralized government, the Post-Soviet Russia changed the constitution to follow a multi-party system under a representative democracy (Remington & Smith, 1995). Post-Soviet Russia developed parliamentary parties to operate over the structure of the government and the political actions of the state. The development of these parties is under the interest of the people (Remington & Smith, 1995). Russia also implemented federalism and a dual executive system of government, where th...