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Nuclear Profileration in Iran, and the specific international security threats that are posed
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When Formulating the Essay, please take a very specific approach to formulating the thesis and focus the conversation on a few related issues; do not generalize the thesis or paper.,
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Nuclear Proliferation in Iran and the International Threats Posed Students Name: School Name:
Nuclear Proliferation in Iran, and the International Threats Posed.
Introduction Nuclear proliferation is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons- applicable nuclear technology and information to nations which are not recognized as Nuclear Weapon States by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT). Proliferation has been opposed by many countries. This opposition comes even from nations that are without nuclear weapons too. Most nations feel that if more countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons and nuclear technology, then nuclear warfare is a possibility, and many civilians will be the target of such warfare. In addition, it would destabilize international or regional relations or even worse infringe on the sovereignty of states. During World War II, research into the development of nuclear was undertaken by the United Kingdom, Germany, USSR, Japan and the United States. In August 1945, the United States became the first and the only country to date to use a nuclear weapon in war. It dropped two bombs against Japan in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, resulting to thousands of deaths and massive destruction of property and incomprehensible health risks. This action saw Japan and Germany (who had lost the war) cease to be involved in nuclear weapon research. However, the USSR in 1949, and the United Kingdom in 1952, tested nuclear weapons. This has been followed by France testing a nuclear weapon in 1960, the People’s Republic of China in 1964, India in 1974, Pakistan in 1998 and recently North Korea in 2006. These can be said to be the first nuclear weapons proliferation attempt by some of the Nuclear Weapons States in the world
Thesis Iranian nuclear program has been the center of debate and one of the most disturbing foreign policy for the current United States administration. Their nuclear program has been met with constant criticism and a lot of pessimism. The international community has considered diplomatic and economic sanctions against Iran to deter it from further pursuing their nuclear ambitions. The international community argues that, a nuclear Iran will be unmanageable and a threat to world peace and security. Iran ties to terrorist groups like Hama and Hezbollah have further assisted in the protest against Iranian nuclear race as it is assumed that Iran could arm such third parties who are always a constant threat to international security. But, how did Iran come to acquire such technology? Moreover, what are some of the dangers of a nuclear Iran? Can the world deal with a nuclear Iran? These are some of the questions that this essay will try to tackle.
Hypothesis By the end of the paper, the following questions should have been tackled and answered: What is Non- Proliferation? What is the historical development of Iran’s nuclear technology? What are the dangers posed by a nuclear Iran? Can the world live with a nuclear Iran? What are the necessary steps to avert the dangers posed by a nuclear Iran? Non-Proliferation (Scoblic 2010) After the United States dropped the two nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki; other nations saw what such a weapon was capable of doing. Therefore, the race to own nuclear weapons and nuclear technology began. As has been illustrated, many states started testing their own nuclear weapons. This created a potential risk of nuclear war. With this danger looming, the idea of Non-Proliferation was born. The earlier efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation involved government secrecy. Unorthodox means including sabotage were used. The wartime acquisition of known uranium stores was also employed. All these activities were done in absolute secrecy. However, just after World War II, International efforts to promote nuclear non-proliferation began with the proposition of the Baruch Plan. This plan enjoyed international support; however the Soviet Union planned to veto it in the Security Council (it failed to emerge from the UNAEC because of this). However, in 1953, President Eisenhower –the then American president- made the Atoms for Peace proposal before the U.N. General Assembly, this lead to the creation of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957. However, plans on an agreement to limit the spread of nuclear weapons never began till the 1960’s. These plans were stalled for a while but when China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964, the plans were renewed. Since the inception of the IAEA, it has tried to promote and spread internationally the use of civilian nuclear energy. It has also tried to prevent and detect the diversion of civilian energy to nuclear weapons, nuclear explosive devices or other unknown purposes. The IAEA operates a safeguard system as specified under Article III of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) enacted in 1968. The main aim of the treaty is to ensure that civil stocks of uranium, plutonium and any other technology associated with nuclear materials are used for peaceful purposes and that they should not contribute in any way to nuclear proliferation . The principle focus of non-proliferation remains to maintain and increase international control over the fissile material and specialized technologies necessary to build nuclear devices. Nuclear Situation in Iran Historical development of Nuclear Technology in Iran Iran is country in southern and western Asia. It is the 18th largest country in the world in terms of area and has a population of around 80 million people (CIA, 2012). This country holds important position in International Energy Security and the world economy. Iran has always considered itself a technological country. The country has strived to revive their golden Persian age. Currently the country is the 7th largest country in production of uranium hexafluoride. In fact it controls the entire cycle for producing nuclear fuel. It has several reactors, a uranium mine, an almost complete nuclear reactor and uranium processing facilities that include uranium enrichment plant. Iran is a wealthy state in terms of resources. It has invited opposing viewpoints however. There are some individuals who see Iran’s historical civilization, potent trading power, mounting oil wealth from a positive point of view. However, there are pessimists who see Iran as a government set on a full nuclear fuel cycle with the production of nuclear weapons in mind (Patrick, 2008) Iran Nuclear effort began no later than the early 1970’s. It began when the Shah acquired the first reactor from the United States (Anthony, 1991). The Shah established the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran in 1974 and then began negotiating for nuclear power plants. A French, Belgian, Spanish and Italian consortium availed this and the Shah bought 10% share in a Eurodif uranium enrichment plant, Iran was to have full access to the enrichment technology that the plant developed (Leonard, 1992). Threats posed by Iran’s Nuclear Proliferation (Edelman, 2011)
Iran’s nuclear ambition has been the subject of serious debate within the international community. Iran has always maintained its stand that, its nuclear program is entirely peaceful and insists that the Nuclear Non – Proliferation Treaty guarantees the right to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. However, the UN has maintained that Iran wants to use its civilian nuclear facilities as a cover for nuclear weapons development. France, Germany and UK engage periodically in discussions regarding Iran’s nuclear program albeit the negotiations often stall. They stall because, there is no clear evidence that Iran really wants to militarize its domestic nuclear program. Israel on the other hand, however, has always maintained its opposition on arming Iran with nuclear weapons. This has led to speculation about Israel’s intention towards Iran. Israel has been quick to defend itself by insisting that no military action has been considered against Iran. However, Israel have not ruled out the possibility of military action against Iran, in fact reports have shown that Israel is thinking of a military strike to quash Iranian nuclear program. Iran sees that by the year 2020, its population (which is rapidly growing), and the overall global demand of oil, will have to be supplemented by the use of nuclear power. However, just like any other laws, there is mischief in the NPT. This can be explained as: countries or nations may sign the treaty and then be seen to adhere to it. However, after a country has acquired the necessary k...
Nuclear Proliferation in Iran, and the International Threats Posed.
Introduction Nuclear proliferation is a term used to describe the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons- applicable nuclear technology and information to nations which are not recognized as Nuclear Weapon States by the Treaty on the Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT). Proliferation has been opposed by many countries. This opposition comes even from nations that are without nuclear weapons too. Most nations feel that if more countries are allowed to have nuclear weapons and nuclear technology, then nuclear warfare is a possibility, and many civilians will be the target of such warfare. In addition, it would destabilize international or regional relations or even worse infringe on the sovereignty of states. During World War II, research into the development of nuclear was undertaken by the United Kingdom, Germany, USSR, Japan and the United States. In August 1945, the United States became the first and the only country to date to use a nuclear weapon in war. It dropped two bombs against Japan in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, resulting to thousands of deaths and massive destruction of property and incomprehensible health risks. This action saw Japan and Germany (who had lost the war) cease to be involved in nuclear weapon research. However, the USSR in 1949, and the United Kingdom in 1952, tested nuclear weapons. This has been followed by France testing a nuclear weapon in 1960, the People’s Republic of China in 1964, India in 1974, Pakistan in 1998 and recently North Korea in 2006. These can be said to be the first nuclear weapons proliferation attempt by some of the Nuclear Weapons States in the world
Thesis Iranian nuclear program has been the center of debate and one of the most disturbing foreign policy for the current United States administration. Their nuclear program has been met with constant criticism and a lot of pessimism. The international community has considered diplomatic and economic sanctions against Iran to deter it from further pursuing their nuclear ambitions. The international community argues that, a nuclear Iran will be unmanageable and a threat to world peace and security. Iran ties to terrorist groups like Hama and Hezbollah have further assisted in the protest against Iranian nuclear race as it is assumed that Iran could arm such third parties who are always a constant threat to international security. But, how did Iran come to acquire such technology? Moreover, what are some of the dangers of a nuclear Iran? Can the world deal with a nuclear Iran? These are some of the questions that this essay will try to tackle.
Hypothesis By the end of the paper, the following questions should have been tackled and answered: What is Non- Proliferation? What is the historical development of Iran’s nuclear technology? What are the dangers posed by a nuclear Iran? Can the world live with a nuclear Iran? What are the necessary steps to avert the dangers posed by a nuclear Iran? Non-Proliferation (Scoblic 2010) After the United States dropped the two nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki; other nations saw what such a weapon was capable of doing. Therefore, the race to own nuclear weapons and nuclear technology began. As has been illustrated, many states started testing their own nuclear weapons. This created a potential risk of nuclear war. With this danger looming, the idea of Non-Proliferation was born. The earlier efforts to prevent nuclear proliferation involved government secrecy. Unorthodox means including sabotage were used. The wartime acquisition of known uranium stores was also employed. All these activities were done in absolute secrecy. However, just after World War II, International efforts to promote nuclear non-proliferation began with the proposition of the Baruch Plan. This plan enjoyed international support; however the Soviet Union planned to veto it in the Security Council (it failed to emerge from the UNAEC because of this). However, in 1953, President Eisenhower –the then American president- made the Atoms for Peace proposal before the U.N. General Assembly, this lead to the creation of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 1957. However, plans on an agreement to limit the spread of nuclear weapons never began till the 1960’s. These plans were stalled for a while but when China detonated a nuclear weapon in 1964, the plans were renewed. Since the inception of the IAEA, it has tried to promote and spread internationally the use of civilian nuclear energy. It has also tried to prevent and detect the diversion of civilian energy to nuclear weapons, nuclear explosive devices or other unknown purposes. The IAEA operates a safeguard system as specified under Article III of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) enacted in 1968. The main aim of the treaty is to ensure that civil stocks of uranium, plutonium and any other technology associated with nuclear materials are used for peaceful purposes and that they should not contribute in any way to nuclear proliferation . The principle focus of non-proliferation remains to maintain and increase international control over the fissile material and specialized technologies necessary to build nuclear devices. Nuclear Situation in Iran Historical development of Nuclear Technology in Iran Iran is country in southern and western Asia. It is the 18th largest country in the world in terms of area and has a population of around 80 million people (CIA, 2012). This country holds important position in International Energy Security and the world economy. Iran has always considered itself a technological country. The country has strived to revive their golden Persian age. Currently the country is the 7th largest country in production of uranium hexafluoride. In fact it controls the entire cycle for producing nuclear fuel. It has several reactors, a uranium mine, an almost complete nuclear reactor and uranium processing facilities that include uranium enrichment plant. Iran is a wealthy state in terms of resources. It has invited opposing viewpoints however. There are some individuals who see Iran’s historical civilization, potent trading power, mounting oil wealth from a positive point of view. However, there are pessimists who see Iran as a government set on a full nuclear fuel cycle with the production of nuclear weapons in mind (Patrick, 2008) Iran Nuclear effort began no later than the early 1970’s. It began when the Shah acquired the first reactor from the United States (Anthony, 1991). The Shah established the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran in 1974 and then began negotiating for nuclear power plants. A French, Belgian, Spanish and Italian consortium availed this and the Shah bought 10% share in a Eurodif uranium enrichment plant, Iran was to have full access to the enrichment technology that the plant developed (Leonard, 1992). Threats posed by Iran’s Nuclear Proliferation (Edelman, 2011)
Iran’s nuclear ambition has been the subject of serious debate within the international community. Iran has always maintained its stand that, its nuclear program is entirely peaceful and insists that the Nuclear Non – Proliferation Treaty guarantees the right to nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. However, the UN has maintained that Iran wants to use its civilian nuclear facilities as a cover for nuclear weapons development. France, Germany and UK engage periodically in discussions regarding Iran’s nuclear program albeit the negotiations often stall. They stall because, there is no clear evidence that Iran really wants to militarize its domestic nuclear program. Israel on the other hand, however, has always maintained its opposition on arming Iran with nuclear weapons. This has led to speculation about Israel’s intention towards Iran. Israel has been quick to defend itself by insisting that no military action has been considered against Iran. However, Israel have not ruled out the possibility of military action against Iran, in fact reports have shown that Israel is thinking of a military strike to quash Iranian nuclear program. Iran sees that by the year 2020, its population (which is rapidly growing), and the overall global demand of oil, will have to be supplemented by the use of nuclear power. However, just like any other laws, there is mischief in the NPT. This can be explained as: countries or nations may sign the treaty and then be seen to adhere to it. However, after a country has acquired the necessary k...
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