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Country Study (HUNGARY)

Essay Instructions:
Overview: In this assignment, you will perform an in-depth study of an assigned country. The information you collect about your country will center around the major topics we cover in the course. All required content is outlined in the instructions below. You will be assigned a country in Week 3. Format: You can choose between completing a written report or a presentation. You should only complete ONE of these options, not both. The required content for the assignment will be the same regardless of which format you choose. In-text citations and a list of references is also required for both assignment options. Option 1: Written Report The written report must be a typed document submitted to Canvas as a Microsoft Word document or PDF. The report should be between 1500 and 2500 words, not including the title, your name, or references. Option 2: Presentation For the presentation format, you must provide well-designed slides and an audio recording of you presenting the slides. The slides should contain the basic content that you will elaborate on in greater detail during your recorded presentation. These slides should be created using PowerPoint, Prezi, or a similar software. The recorded presentation of the slides should be between 12 and 20 minutes long. Instructions for how to record and submit the presentation can be found on Canvas. Assessment: This assignment will be graded based on the “Country Study Rubric” provided on Canvas. See the syllabus for more information on how this assignment factors into your overall final grade for the course. Important Guidelines: As you begin working on the Country Study, please keep the following in mind: You should work on each section of this assignment as we progress through the semester. See the course schedule to get an idea of when to complete each section. The content information below also lists the unit that aligns with each general content area. While you may offer some speculation based on previous scholarly work and data, this assignment is not an opinion piece or argumentative essay/presentation. Your work should be technical and supported by evidence. You may not include any direct quotations in your assignment. Your work (written or spoken) should be entirely in your own words. A direct quotation includes four or more words in a row that are taken directly from a source. Any information that you get from a source should instead be paraphrased in your own words and then cited. For help with paraphrasing, see the information provided by Purdue’s Online Writing LabLinks to an external site.. You must include in-text citations and a reference list. For students completing a written report, the in-text citations should be placed in parentheses at the end of the corresponding sentences. For the presentation, in-text citations should be placed in parentheses at the end of the corresponding sentence/bullet point. References should be provided on a separate page/slide at the end of the document/presentation. You must format the in-text citations and reference list according to APA style. Additional tips on APA formatting are available on Canvas, and you can access the style guide hereLinks to an external site.. The sources you use should be credible. You should not include Wikipedia as a source, but it may be a good starting point to identify more reliable sources. You may cite the textbook and other assigned readings from the course. If you are uncertain of the credibility or reliability of a source, please feel free to email me for guidance. You may not use AI or any other generative software to complete this assignment (e.g., ChatGPT, etc.). Review the syllabus for the full policy. Grammarly and tools like Microsoft Word’s Spelling and Grammar feature are acceptable to use for basic proofing purposes. For additional writing help, see UBalt’s writing resources hereLinks to an external site.. Content: This information reflects the minimum content you should include in your final report/presentation. You should use the following section titles (shown in italics as headings) as headings/subheadings in your written report or presentation slides. Be sure to fully address each component. For the written report, write out the information in complete sentences organized in paragraphs (not bullet points). The information below also contains hyperlinks for several sources and tools that you will be expected to use when completing this assignment. Detailed instructions or video demonstrations on how to access and use each of these resources is located on Canvas. Please email me if you have any difficulties or questions about these or other sources. Country Background Note: Sources like the CIA World FactbookLinks to an external site., Britannica’s Countries of the WorldLinks to an external site., and Freedom House’s Country Narrative ReportsLinks to an external site. should contain most (if not all) of this information. What is the name of your country and what region is it located in? Is there anything unique/interesting/notable about its geography? (e.g., land-locked; largest/smallest in the region; notable features like major rivers/mountains/desert; etc.) What year did your country officially become an independent state? Provide some brief context on how your country became independent. Regime Status Note: This section of the assignment corresponds with the content covered during Part 2 of the course (weeks 3 through 7). More detailed instructions for how to access and incorporate data and graphs from the sources in this section will be provided on Canvas. Access Freedom House’s current reportLinks to an external site. for your country. How does Freedom House classify your country (i.e., not free, partly free, or free)? Using the previous reports, has this rating changed in any year over the last 5 years (since 2019)? If so, how has it changed? Access the V-Dem online graphing toolsLinks to an external site.. Create a graph showing trends over time for the Regimes of the World variable for your country. Be sure to change the scale to “Original Scale.” Insert this graph into your report/slides for reference. According to this data, how is your country classified in 2023 (e.g., closed autocracy, electoral autocracy, electoral democracy, liberal democracy)? Based on the information you gathered from Freedom House and V-Dem, describe any changes you observe in your country’s regime type over the last several years or decades. If there have been many significant changes in the last few years, you can focus on a narrower time frame. Use what you have learned from the assigned readings to discuss whether there has been democratization or autocratization in your country. Be sure to provide some context about why or how these changes (or lack thereof) have occurred. Draw specifically on course materials about the theories or arguments concerning regime transformation and resilience. For information specifically regarding political events in your country, you will need to consult additional outside sources. Institutions Note: This section of the assignment corresponds with the content covered during Part 3 of the course (weeks 8 through 11). For the information in this section, I recommend reading currentLinks to an external site. and archivedLinks to an external site. editions of the Freedom House reports (some of the older versions – prior to 2014 – have more in-depth background information). To access the archived editions, click the hyperlinkLinks to an external site. and then click to expand the section on the page that says “Past Editions.” The CIA World FactbookLinks to an external site. and Britannica’s Countries of the WorldLinks to an external site. should also have useful information. You also may need to consult other external sources to find information. Describe the basic features of your country’s political system and institutions. More specifically: What year was the most recent constitution adopted? Based on the information you can find, does the constitution seem to be amended or replaced often? If so, provide some brief context about those changes (e.g., are the changes often led/supported by the same person/party? Are the changes a result of coups or some other extraordinary event? Etc.). Does the current constitution establish a federal or unitary system of government? Be sure to briefly define the differences between federalist and unitary systems. Describe the legislative branch in your country. What is the legislature called and how is it structured (unicameral or bicameral)? Describe your country’s legislative electoral system (district system, proportional representation, mixed/hybrid). Finally, what party/coalition currently holds the majority/power in the legislature? Tip: V-Dem has a variable that you can graph onlineLinks to an external site. called “Legislature bicameral” that indicates the number of chambers a country’s legislature contains. The V-Party ExplorerLinks to an external site. may also contain some interesting data, but you are not required to use this for the assignment. Describe the executive branch in your country. Is the “head of state” separate from the “head of government” in your country? How is the chief executive supposed to come into power (e.g., elections, hereditary succession, etc.)? Who is the current chief executive and how/when did they come into power? Briefly describe the pattern of party politics in your country. In recent years, is there only one political party that tends to hold the most power? Are there two or even multiple parties that often credibly compete for power? Be sure to name the major parties, their basic ideological leanings, and their current power status (e.g., majority or supermajority in legislature; executive & legislature controlled by same parties; etc.). Limit your discussion to only the top 3 most significant parties if there are multiple. Society and Culture Note: This section of the assignment corresponds with the content covered during Part 4 of the course (weeks 12 through 15). For the information in this section, I recommend reviewing the CIA World FactbookLinks to an external site., Britannica’s Countries of the WorldLinks to an external site., and Freedom House’s Country Narrative ReportsLinks to an external site.. However, you also may need to access additional sources of information. Consider the demographics of your country’s population. How large is the population? Is the country racially/ethnically homogenous or diverse? What is/are the main racial or ethnic group(s)? Is the government more secular or religious? What about the population? What religion(s) or religious identities are the most prevalent (if any)? Are there certain forms of discrimination prevalent in your country? For example, consider discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sex/gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and religion. Tip: Freedom House’s Country ReportsLinks to an external site. include a section discussing equal treatment of various segments of the population (Question F4).
Essay Sample Content Preview:
Hungary Student’s Name Institutional Affiliation Hungary Introduction This report focuses on an analysis of Hungary. Hungary is a nation with a rich historical, cultural, and political background. Its unique positioning and manifestation of various geographical features make Hungary one of the most notable nations in the world. However, Hungary has also developed into a subject of discussion globally due to its regime changes and allegations of discrimination against various groups. The analysis includes aspects like its background, regime status, institutions, society, and culture. Such an in-depth analysis should help with a more insightful understanding of Hungary’s socio-political and economic standing in the global space. Country Background Hungary is a Central European country. It is a landlocked country that is bordered by Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, and Austria (Britannica, n.d.). Hungary is a member of the European Union (EU). Also, Hungary is part of the Schengen Area, which is a group of 29 European countries that have abolished border controls by adopting mutual borders. The 29 countries allow for free movement of people within their borders (United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2023). Geography Hungary is known for its unique geographical features. Firstly, it is the home country of Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe. Lake Balaton has features that make it prime for cultural and tourist attractions. Hungary is also home to the Danube River, which is an important waterway in Europe because it runs through the capital, Budapest (UNDP, 2023). The Danube River geographically splits the city into Buda and Pest. The other notable geographical feature of Hungary is the Great Hungarian Plain also known as Alfold. The Alfold is a significant feature in the south-eastern part of Hungary where it contributes to the region’s agricultural productivity. Hungary is a landlocked country. However, it compensates for the deficiency through channels such as the Danube River (Britannica, n.d.). Additionally, Hungarian rivers and thermal springs are renowned for making Hungary the hub of thermal baths and spas in Europe. Independence Hungary was a member of the Austro-Hungarian Empire before World War I. Upon the dissolution of the empire in 1918, it gained its independence. In its historical channel, Hungary fell into different political folds before gaining independence. Firstly, it was a significant part of the Habsburg Monarchy. Later, it joined the Austro-Hungarian Empire between 1867 and 1918. The empire was a central party to the First World War. After the defeat of the empire, Hungary declared its independence and transitioned into a republic. The transition of Hungary into a republic also came with a few challenges. Significant among the challenges was the signing of the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, which reduced its territory drastically (Britannica, n.d.). The reduced territory triggered other social and political challenges. Later, Hungary formed alliances with the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in the 20th century. The alliance lasted until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989. Upon their release from the Soviet Union, Hungary transitioned into a democratic republic. Regime Status Freedom House Classification The Freedom House 2024 report classifies Hungary as a “Partly Free” country with a score of 65/100. The current score is lower than the 2023 classification in which Hungary rated at 66/100. Hungary’s Freedom House scores have changed significantly over the past 5 years. In 2019, Hungary had a “Free” classification with a score of 75/100. From 2019 to the present day, Hungary has undergone various changes that have affected its freedom scores. Partly, the declining democratic institutions in Hungary have played a role in the declining scores. The other challenges that Hungary has faced over the period include erosion of judicial independence and curbs on media freedom. Partly, Hungary’s scores on political rights and political rights have largely remained average to warrant the low overall scores. Combined, such changes have triggered a reduction in scores for the country over the past 5 years. The transition into the “Partly Free” category happened in 2019 and has not changed since. V-Dem Data Hungary’s Electoral Democracy Index 2017-2023 Hungary’s Liberal Classification Index 2001-2023 In 2023, V-Dem classified Hungary as an electoral autocracy. This is a change from Hungary’s classification as a liberal democracy in the early 2000s. As noted in the liberal democracy index, the country showcased a sharp decline in the liberal democracy indices. In 2001, Hungary had a score of 0.79 in the liberal democracy classification. That number dropped to 0.25 in 2023. The drop from liberal democracy to autocratic democracy has been steady. Regime Change Observations Over the past decades, Hungary has experienced significant regime changes. Analytically, the regimes have changed considerably from democracy to autocracy. In the early 1990s, Hungary was in a transition trajectory following its exit from the Soviet Union. The regime characteristics of the 1990s were marked by fair elections, a competitive media landscape, and pluralism. However, the country began experiencing significant changes at the turn of the millennium when its liberal democracy ratings began to drop. A more recent demonstration of regime changes has happened since 2010. The government led by Viktor Orbán of the Fidesz Party has been criticized for undermining democracy. The accusations of undermining democracy by Orbán stem from a range of policy changes that he has overseen since taking over. Some of such changes include consolidation of power at the executive branch of the government and overseeing judicial reforms aimed at weakening checks and balances for his government. The other policy moves that Orbán has implemented to undermine democracy include curtailing press freedoms and the expressions of civil society. Besides, Orbán has initiated changes in the electoral system that only benefit the ruling party. These changes were widely recognized in 2019 when Hungary lost in most classifications including those by V-Dem and Freedom House. Context for Changes A range of domestic and international factors have contributed independently and collectively to the regime changes that Hungary has undergone. Domestically, the government is taking advantage of the nationalistic rhetoric and the anti-EU sentiment. Both the rhetoric and the sentiment have contributed to the popularity of the ruling party. As such, Orbán has capitalized on the trends to consolidate power to his advantage. Secondly, the ruling government is largely involved in corruption and illegal control of public resources, prospects that have simplified their ability to grip power. Internationally, Hungary has a strategic economic and political alignment with illiberal...
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