Vroom's Model of Expectancy Theory

Vroom's Model of Expectancy Theory
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Vroom's Model of Expectancy Theory
One of the most popular motivational theories is Vroom's Model of Expectancy Theory which posits that individuals will act in a particular way because of the value they have placed on a certain outcome and the probability of the outcome happening (Kopp, 2014). According to the model, a person has, at any given time, a set of probable behaviors they could engage in. The person assesses each of the behaviors based on three features: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy (Baumann & Bonner, 2016). In this case, valence refers to the appeal of the outcomes for each behavior. Valence is the extent to which a person considers the outcome associated with engaging in an activity worthwhile. Instrumentality refers to the expectation that they will receive a certain reward with a particular outcome from their behavior. Expectancy is the chance that a person's engagement in the behavior will result in a specific performance. The person's assessments of each behavior lead to motivation force for each of the behaviors, and this is where they decide on the one with the greatest force (Baumann & Bonner, 2016). The selection done by the person is inherent because they choose from a set of behaviors that are available to them.
The model measures motivation based on the product of the three variables discussed above: valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. As pointed out by Lloyd and Mertens (2018), Motivation = Expectancy * Instrumentality * Valence. Given that this is a multiplier model, all the variables have to be positive for a motivated person. Therefore, if the value of any of the three models is zero, the person's motivation would automatically be zero, and it would mean they are indifferent. Accor...