Five written analytical summaries (3 pages each) on the main points of the required (*) readings from Topic Areas One to Five. You can focus in specifically on three or four of the readings.

Summaries of Articles Author's Name The Institutional Affiliation Course Number and Name Instructor Name Assignment Due Date Summaries of Articles * Introduction to Modern Civil-Military Relations The Primary focus of Huntington's seminal work is to explore the complex relationship between civilian and military authority about historical evolution and associated challenges. It comprised a calculated overview, evaluating the development of professionalism in the military and its importance in modern civilization. Huntington supports the idea that a professional military is essential for national security and safeguarding the democratic dominion of civilian hierarchy (Huntington, 1959). In the first chapter, objective civilian control is focused on asserting the importance of civilian supervision while maintaining a wholesome autonomy in the military's overall functioning, which is the base for military expertise and professionalism. Huntington also acknowledges the inherent friction between the civilian and military relationship, which requires a meticulous balance for the system's proper functioning. He focuses on the objective importance of both sides, where one side should not undermine the other (Huntington, 1959). Civilian supervision is necessary in a democratic state; however, it should not interfere with the primary functional modalities of the military. In Chapter 4, Huntington focuses on the positive contributions of the military in terms of policymaking from the technocratic perspective. Huntington also advocates incorporating military expertise while shaping the country's defense policies while maintaining a balance between 'over' military influence (Huntington, 1959). However, military experts should always be on board to ensure an effective defense strategy. Huntington declares that mastery may be a significant control source in modern society. He contends that the military's control stems from its specialized information and aptitudes, even though civilian control instruments in equitable social orders temper this control. Central to his contention is the concept of "objective control," where civilian specialists direct the military through lawful, organization, and political implies, guaranteeing that it serves the societal interface. The degree of military polished skill inside a society is affected by different variables, including societal beliefs within the military, the level of military instruction and preparation, and the independence allowed to military experts. Huntington emphasizes the significance of adjusting military mastery with civilian oversight to avoid the rise of a battle-ready society (Huntington, 1963). He investigates the pressure between the military's double parts as a calling and an instrument of state control, pushing for an advantageous relationship between the military and civilian circles. Whereas the military must maintain its independence to fulfill its obligations viably, it must remain subordinate to civilian specialists to maintain law-based standards. Throughout his examination, Huntington cautions against the perils of militarism, wherein the military becomes a prevailing drive in society, undermining law-based administration and gracious freedoms. He underscores the need for common regard and participation between the military and civilian divisions to guarantee national security and success. Primarily, Huntington's work provides a basic framework for understanding the civil-military relationship, emphasizing the significance of civilian control while maintaining the overall autonomy of the military establishment. Focusing on all of the dimensions of the civil-military relationship, Huntington provides a comprehensive insight into the challenges and aspects of maintaining a professional military under the umbrella of modern democracy. Huntington thoroughly analyses military professionalism in this article, stating that power, expertise, and discipline work cooperatively (Huntington, 1963). He argues that the military can enjoy a particular power spot based on its expertise and commitment to national security. Huntington meticulously focuses on balancing military expertise and civilian management, highlighting the inherent complexities of civil-military relations. Based on historical examples and theoretical insights, Huntington thoroughly analyses the development of the military profession and its role in policymaking. He puts forward an intricate relationship between the civilian authority and the military as its subordinate; however, the military should participate in terms of its expertise and intelligence associated with national security. Huntington's article mainly advocates the collaborative approach where civilian policymakers and military professionals work together to mitigate national security challenges (Huntington, 1963). Overall, Huntington's article illuminates the complexities of civil-military relations and offers valuable insight into the collaboration between military competence and civilian control. By exploring the interplay of power, expertise, and professionalism in the military, Huntington helps to understand the challenges that modern democracies face in managing their armed forces. Feaver's article provides a nuanced analysis of Huntington's and Janowitz's contributions to the study of civil-military relations, elaborating their views on civilian authority (Feaver, 1996). He highlights the similarities and differences between these approaches and emphasizes the importance of balancing civilian oversight with military expertise. Feaver highlights that Huntington and Janowitz acknowledge the importance of civilian control. However, their take on military professionalism diverges. On the one hand, Huntington urges the technocratic model, where military personnel have a more important role in shaping a policy. At the same time, Janowitz shifts the balance to the civilian authority in decision-making. Feaver surveys the qualities and impediments of each approach, drawing on current wrangles about and observational proof, giving a wealthy understanding of the progressing talk on civil-military relations (Feaver, 1996). It emphasizes the need for an adjusted approach that recognizes the polished skill and polished skill of military teachers while keeping up human rights. Huntington's exposition comprehensively examines the complex interaction between control, skill, and the military calling. His knowledge remains significant for understanding the challenges of maintaining civilian control in a progressively complex world. * The American Experience Russel F. Weigley's article, "The American Military and the Principle of Civilian Control from McClellan to Powell," poses insights into the historical transformations and challenges faced during military rule by civilians in America. The author has examined the complex situation and the extreme stiffness that the civilians had to face during the military regime in America. He has also examined the civilians' challenges from General George McClellan to General Colin Powel (Weigley, 1993). The article has analytically traced the development of civil-military relations and has highlighted essential moments that reformed the transforming political leadership and the defense forces. The article also focuses on the various administrations that civilians and military leaders watched during different times. Weigley also explores the tensions, conflicts, and complex environment created during the transformational period of military control of civilians. There was a nuanced understanding of the complicated tensions and the ongoing administration crisis, which formed the basics of American Democratic Society (Weigley, 1993). American democracy paved its way when the tensions between the civilians and the defense forces were high. Since it was impossible to run the American administration simultaneously with American military forces and civilian administration, tensions began to rise when administrators from both sides claimed to run the country's administration. Dayne E. Nix's article "American Civil-Military Relations: Samuel P. Huntington and the Political Dimensions of Military Professionalism" throws light on the analytical contributions of military rules, their administration, and professionalism, compiled by Samuel P. Huntington. The implications for the tensions that rose during the civil-military relations and the tug-of-war for attaining power (Nix, 2012). The article published in 2012 beautifully describes the conflict-ridden environment created in America with amalgamated administrations of locals and military personnel. Nix furthered the concept of Huntington regarding military professionalism and its implications on the country's political fabric. The military has always been pivotal in establishing the country's defense fences. America had always been one of the well-established and consolidated defense systems. The political dimensions of a country have an entangled linkage with other important administration heads, including the defense head (Nix, 2012). A country's administration and political fabric are damaged when any other head tries to intricate its interest in any other head. Nix has delved into Huntington's military professionalism concept and discussed its political dimensions by highlighting the military's role. The author also discusses the military's role in smoothly entertaining a country's political management. The military tried to entangle and interfere in political processes and institutions. The tensions rose when the disturbance of military and non-military personnel kept increasing. The politics and military forces have nothing to do in common except defend and administer the country. Handling the balance between political and defense power is challenging. Huntington's concepts enlightened the tensions that arose when the defense power intricated and tried to disturb the regular working of the political managers in the country. The critical analysis of Huntington's ideas by Nix's findings manifests the complicated genre of civil-military relationships in the contemporary era of American Society. The implication of disturbance between civil and military relations adversely impacts a country's streamlined political workings. The national security of a nation is comprised of the aligned working and management of all the allied departments. When one aligned head related to administration tries to interfere in the working of any other head, it creates tension. It creates conflicts that further spoil the regular working of a country (Nix, 2012). These conflicts also affect a country's foreign relations. Since the American political and defense system rules the world through its power parity and supremacy of intelligence, no other country's defense and political system matches this system, and they have managed to rule over the world. Nix's article critically examines Huntington's concepts and their relevance to the continuous discourse covering civil-military relations in America. When one departmental head tries to interfere in the smooth working of any other head, it creates tensions and gives rise to conflicts. Risa Brooks, Jim Golby, and Heidi Urben have discussed in their article, "Crisis in Command: America's Broken Civil-Military Relationship Imperils National Security," the deteriorating...