Enviromental Science

Environmental Science Prepared for: Dr. Sameer Bhattarai By: Name of the Student Course: ENV 101 September 18, 2014 Research Assignment I Scientific method: Hypothesis testing 1 Introduction This lab experiment seeks to determine the basic sentential pattern in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, particularly the Word per sentential patterns in chapters one and two. This investigation aims to compare the length of the two chapters of the typed text to decide whether there is much difference. The approach is beneficial since it combines principles from scientific analysis into literary understanding in words to test language trends hypotheses. Knowing the different variant forms of sentences can be one way of getting familiar with the author's style, speed, and how reading is built. Here, we are using the null hypothesis, which states that there is no difference in the mean length of the sentences of the two chapters, and the alternate hypothesis, which states that there is a difference in the mean length of the sentences of the two chapters. In the second part of the analysis, we will use the t-test for two means to address two questions: whether the means of the two chapters are significantly different and what the value of this difference is. 2 Materials and equipment * Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone Book * Pencil * Computer/Laptop * Internet Access 3 Methods In this experiment, some form of a research question was formulated and developed through the scientific method, where we sought to find out if there was a variation in the number of words per sentence between two different sections of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Let me start with the two hypotheses we developed to test the hypothesis. Firstly, the null hypothesis, which is H₀, assumes that the two chapters contain similar average length of the sentences. Next, the alternative hypothesis (H₁) contends that the mean length of the sentences in the two chapters is different. To test this, we chose one page from Chapter 1 and the other from Chapter 2 by random lot. By selecting 20 sentences randomly for each chapter, the total number of words in each of the selected sentences was calculated. The outcomes were pulled together and documented in Table 1 below. After that, we then input the data obtained from the mean number of words by chapter into an online statistics calculator that gives the two-sample t-test outcome. Thus, the t-value coupled with the p-value was placed in Table 2. In addition to determining the significance of the test statistic, the p-value is also tested for significance. If the p-value is less than or equal to 0.05, it is possible to reject the null hypothesis and state that the difference in sentence length is statistically significant. If the calculated p-value was more than 0. 05, it was noted that the difference was not so perceived to be very meaningful as the null hypothesis was not being rejected. Therefore, any difference that may have been perceived could be owed to chance. 4 Results Table 1. Number of Words in Sentences of the First Chapter Sentence Number (n=20) Number of Words 1 4 2 22 3 23 4 12 5 18 6 36 7 18 8 22 9 14 10 13 11 28 12 17 13 18 14 10 15 10 16 38 17 29 18 12 19 38 20 10 Mean (x̄) 19.6 Table 2. Number of Words in Sentences of the Second Chapter Sentence Number (n=20) Number of Words 1 3 2 27 3 21 4 31 5 13 6 22 7 40 8 15 9 14 10 20 11 4 12 5 13 20 14 15 15 6 16 8 17 11 18 7 19 4 20 2 Mean (x̄) 14.4 Table 3. Results of Two-Sample T-Test t- value p-value (probability value) Null hypothesis accepted or rejected 1.628267 0.111732 Failed to be rejected Conclusion: p-value >0.05 Table 1 presents the analysis of the number of words used in 20 random sentences selected from the first chapter of Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, with the mean length of the given sentences being 19.6 words (x̄= 19.6; n=20). In Table 2, the number of words in each of the 20 randomly chosen sentences from Chapter 2 has a mean value of 14.4 (x̄=14.4; n=20). An independent samples t-test was carried out to compare the means of the dependent variable and the number of sentences per chapter and to show whether the difference was statistically significant. From the analysis of the data presented in Table 3, it is also evident that the t-value stands at 1.628267. As for the p-value equaling 0.111732 in the analysis done, we cannot reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is more significant than 0.05. This implies that there is no significant variation in the lengths of the sentences used in the first and the second chap...