Review of the Literature Articles

Articles Review
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Adriaenssens, J., De Gucht, V., Van Der Doef, M., & Maes, S. (2011, June). Exploring the burden of emergency care: predictors of stress-health outcomes in emergency nurses. [Journal]. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(6), 1317-1328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05599.x.
In the report report Adriaenssens, De Gucht, Van Der Doef and Maes, bring out the comparison of the general nurses to emergency nurses with reference to characteristics of the organizations and the jobs. The report further gives an insight into the way these characteristics affect the turnover, fatigue, psychosomatic distress and job satisfaction among the emergency nurses. In the method, the research considered a population of 254 nurses from 15 Belgian hospitals emergency departments, between 2007 and 2008. In the results of the study, most of the emergency nurses were seen to have less decision authority, more pressure, less rewards and more physical demands that the general nurses. The research concluded that emergency departments should regularly be screened for the job and organization characteristics that can lead to stress health outcomes. This study closely relates to the wellbeing of the nurses relative to the burnouts, fatigue and their level of productivity that is subject to the working environment and conditions.
Coetzee, S. K., & Klopper, H. C. (2010, June). Compassion fatigue within nursing practice: A concept analysis. [Journal]. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12(2), 235-243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00526.x
In their research paper, Coetzee and Klopper, try to bring out the concept of compassion fatigue within the nursing practice. In the past the term has been used as a synonym for secondary traumatic stress disorder and this is far from the actual meaning. In the method, the authors used concept analysis to come to the conclusion of the research. According to the results, there were several categories of compassion fatigue among them; risk factors, causes, the process and then the manifestation of the fatigue; with each category having its own specific characteristics. According to the findings, compassion fatigue starts from a state compassion discomfort and develops on to compassion stress and finally comes up as compassion fatigue from continued stress. This has the ability to alter permanently the ability of the nurse to be compassionate and thus the research recommends in-service training on the red flags, employee assistance programs as well as education. The research is limited due to use dictionary definitions. It contributes immensely towards understanding on nurses’ fatigue.
Fernandez-Parsons, R., Rodriguez, L., & Goyal, D. (2013, November). Research: Moral Distress in Emergency Nurses [Journal]. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 39(6), 547-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jen.2012.12.009
In their paper Fernandez-Parsons, Rodriguez and Goyal, discuss how moral distress leads to the nurses’ burnout, attrition, compassion fatigues and eventually start avoiding patients. In the quantitative methodology used in the research, the authors applied cross sectional and descriptive designs to come to their conclusion. The authors assessed the intensity and frequency of different moral distresses on 51 emergency nurses within one of the community hospitals using the self-report, 21-item, likert-type of questionnaire. According to the results, the overall distress was low with nurses scoring a mean of 3.18. Most of the cases of moral distress were related continued life support in futile care. The research was limited due to the use new equipment, a small sample and self-selected without specific demographic data. The research however informs the debate about nurses’ burnout relative to the working environment and conditions.
Fetter, K. L. (2012, December). We Grieve Too: One Inpatient Oncology Unit’s Interventions for Rocognizing and Combating Compassion Fatigue [Journal]. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 16(6), 559-561. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail/detail?vid=26&sid=0b0ddce4-20c3-42d7-8607-fde74f17cc81%40sessionmgr110&hid=111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=83556445
According to Fetter, oncologist nurses usually deal with near death a patient, which leads to emotional distress. The research also points out that it is crucial that oncology staffs are assessed for signs of fatigue. The experiences of the patients and the nurses can be improved through improving the way nurses feel. As a staff nurse in the medical surgical oncologists section of the Lancaster general hospital of Pennsylvania, Fetter gives accounts of the experiences of the nurses in the oncology units. Staffs caring for patients with terminal cancer, HIV or AIDS are highly affected. This study although limited to a specific hospital is crucial to understanding the struggles of nurses in oncology with reference to compassion fatigues taking care of terminally ill patients.
Hinderer, K. A., VonRueden, K. T., Friedmann, E., McQuillan, K., Gilmore, R., Kramer, B., & Murray, M. (2014, Jul-Aug). Burnout, Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Secondary Traumatic Stress in Trauma Nurses. [Journal]. Journal of Trauma Nursing, 21(4), 160-169. http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1097/JTN.0000000000000055
This study brings to attention the aspects of burnout, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction common among the nurses. These are elements that are a resultant of taking care and encountering other patients suffering. In the methodology of the study, the authors used a population of 262 nurses, from a large urban area where more than 7500 patients are admitted to the 100 bed facility that deals with trauma patients. Data was collected using questionnaires. According to the results burnout, compassion fatigue, secondary traumatic stress and compassion satisfaction were found to be common among nurses dealing with trauma patients. This study thus actively contributes to the knowledge on fatigue and burnout related health issues on nurses.
Hooper, C., Craig, J., Janvrin, D. R., Wetsel, M. A., & Reimels, E. (2010, September). Compassion Satisfaction, Burnout, and Compassion Fatigue Among Emergency Nurses Compared With Nurses in Other Selected Inpatient Specialties. [Journal]. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 36(5), 420-427.
http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org.library.gcu.edu:2048/10.1016/j.jen.2009.11.027
In this research paper Hooper, Craig, Janvrin, Wetsel and Reimels, compares the aspects of compassion satisfaction as well compassion fatigue between the nurses allocated other specialties to those in the emergency sections. In the study, the researchers applied the cross sectional survey technique from self-selected participants in three specialty units and three from emergency. The participants completed a social-demographic profile questionnaire with scales on the aspects of burnout, compassion fatigue and compassion satisfaction. According to the results more that 82% of the emergency nurses had moderate to high scores foe fatigue, while more than 86% had scored moderate to high on compassion fatigue. There was a significant difference from the nurses from other specialties, with the latter scoring lowly. Although the study was limited due to the use of the self-selection technique, it offers another insight on the issues surrounding nurses’ fatigue on the job.
Hunsaker, S., Chen, H., Maughan, D., & Heaston, S. (2015, March). Factors That Influence the Development of Compassion Fatigue, Burnout, and Compassion Satisfaction in Emergency Department Nurses. [Journal]. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(2), 186-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12122
Hunsaker, Chen, Maughan and Heaston in their research bring out the factors that lead to nurses in the emergency section to burnout, and develop compassion fatigue as well as compassion satisfaction. In a twofold technique the research looks at the prevalence of the said issues and establishes the work related and demographic factors that lead to their development. The research used a descriptive non-experimental study that was predictive, where the participants self-administered the demographic questionnaire with the professional quality of life scale version of life mailed to 1000 persons throughout the US. According to the results, younger nurses had high chance of developing compassion fatigue while the older ones had a higher level of compassion satisfaction. Despite the limitation related to low response and therefore a small sample size, this brings another aspect of age and experience to understanding the factors leading to fatigue and compassion burnout among nurses in the emergency section.
Li, A., Early, S. F., Mahrer, N. E., Klaristenfeld, J. L., & Gold, J. I. (2014, January-February). Group Cohesion and Organizational Commitment: Protective Factors for Nurse Residents’ Job Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, Compassion Satisfaction, and Burnout [Journal]. Journal of Professional Nursing, 30(1), 89-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2013.04.004
In this research Li, Early, Mahrer, Klaristenfeld and Gold, bring to attention the elements of group cohesion and organization commitment relative to the issues of burnout, job satisfaction, compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue for nurses. In the method, the participants in the research were all the nurses entering versant RN resident program within the Children’s Hospital in Los Angeles. The nurses completed questionnaires with measures in stress exposure due to traumatic life events. According to the results before the start of the residency program almost 98% nurses reported experiencing traumatic events. Stress exposure has since reduced along with the PTSD among the nurses. One of the limitations relates to misalignment of t2 and the t3 outcomes. The data is also limited to a small group and thus generalizing it may be flawed. However it provides some insightful on the organizational commitment and what cab done to mitigate burnout, compassion fatigue and jo...