Obesity and the Professional Nurse's Role
Using the information from this course, your assigned readings, and the article and websites linked below you will develop a 6-10 page paper (excludes cover and reference page) addressing obesity and the role of the professional nurse in addressing teaching and learning needs of patient(s) and families. A minimum of three (3) current, professional references must be provided. Current references include professional publications or valid and current websites (such as those listed below) dated within 5 years. Additionally, a textbook that is no more than one edition old may be used. Article: You "Teach" BUT Does Your Patient REALLY Learn? Basic Principles to Promote Safer Outcomes Websites:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity •Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Adolescent and School Health •United States Department of Health and Human Services – Dietary Guidelines.gov
United States Department of Health and Human Services – Healthy People.gov (select information from the 2020 topics and objectives) The paper consists of two (2) parts and must be submitted by the close of week six. Each part must be a minimum of three (3) pages in length. Part 1 Select either adult obesity or childhood obesity and:
Explain the health problem specific to the selected population. Be sure to provide supporting evidence, including statistics.
Examine the causative factors (include physical, social, and psychological factors). •Elaborate on the consequences of obesity in the population you selected. Consider the consequences in terms of physical, social and psychological effects. Discuss whether the effect(s) would be classified as short term or long term. Part 2 Develop a teaching plan to support the needs of a specific individual from the patient population you selected. Refer to the “Teacher and Counselor” chapter in Taylor et al Fundamentals of Nursing textbook and the article “You teach but does your patient really learn? Basic principles to promote safer outcomes” in order to address the following points: •How will you assess the patient’s or learning needs? Be sure to consider barriers in your response.
What are the expected outcomes? Include realistic time frames. •What information will you teach the patient and why are you selecting this information? Be sure to consider age, gender, culture, religious preferences and learning style. •How will you evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching? Compose your work using a word processor (or other software as appropriate) and save it frequently to your computer. Use a 12 font size, double space your work and use APA format for citations, references, and overall format. Information on how to use the Excelsior College Library to help you research and write your paper is available through the Library Help for AD Nursing Courses page. Assistance with APA format, grammar, and avoiding plagiarism is available for free through the Excelsior College Online Writing Lab (OWL). Be sure to check your work and correct any spelling or grammatical errors before you submit your assignment." This is the information from APA citation: McNeill, B. E. (2012). You "Teach" BUT Does Your Patient REALLY Learn? Basic Principles to Promote Safer Outcomes. Tar Heel Nurse, 74(1), 9-16. Attached
Adult Obesity and the Professional Nurse’s Role
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Institution
Introduction
Obesity refers to increased body weight and is associated with malfunctions in health-related quality of life. The condition is a clinical problem which is chronic in nature. It is multi-factorial, having complex genetic, physiological, psychological, metabolic, behavioral and environmental (social and cultural) causes and consequences. The condition is posing a health challenge at a high and alarming rate in developed as well as developing countries. It has been thought that global obesity has resulted from behavioral and environmental changes which have emanated from urbanization, modernization, and economic development (Fitch et al, 2013). For one to be termed as obese, there are several tests that are carried out. Some of the most accurate tests include DEXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) and weighing a person under water. However, the commonly used method of estimating body fats involves the use of Weight for Height tables which have an assortment of acceptable weights for an individual of a particular height. The major disadvantage of this test is that it does not differentiate excess fats from muscles. Never the less, the BMI (Body Mass Index) has been the standard test for detecting overweight and obesity in the medical set ups (McKinney et al, 2013). This paper is aimed at discussing obesity in adults in a broader spectrum.
Health Problems Associated with Adult Obesity
Obesity has been associated with several serious health conditions such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, fatty liver disease, gallstones, hypertension, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and different types of cancer (i.e. kidney, liver, Colon, prostate, breast and endometrial). Obesity has also been linked with psychological and psychiatric illnesses as well as raised risks of premature death among adults who are below 65 years old. Such deaths result from diabetes, ischemic heart disease, cancer and respiratory diseases (McKinney et al, 2013; NICE, 2014). In the US, obesity has been ranked the second leading cause of deaths that can be prevented, with only tobacco use causing a higher number of preventable diseases. A report by Health and Social Care Information Center showed that in 2011/2012 a total number of 11,740 admissions of patients with primary diagnosis of obesity were done in hospitals based in England. This figure was three times higher as compared to that of 2006/2007. The ratio of men to women who were admitted was 1:3, meaning that more women have obesity issues as compared to men. It is estimated that every year in US over 112,000 preventable deaths that are associated with obesity do occur (Fitch et al, 2013).
Consequences of Obesity
Overweight and obesity is a global health issue. World Health Organization (Obesity and Overweight: fact Sheet 311 ) made some predictions that by the year 2015, roughly 2.3 billion adults globally will be diagnosable as overweight and over 700 million will be diagnosable as obese (NICE, 2014). In the United States, obesity has a prevalence rate of more than 30% in adults. A study conducted by Ogden (2012) showed that there were about 78 million obese adults in US (cited in Fitch et al, 2013) and statistics from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey showed that Americans who are either overweight or obese are approximately 97 million. A different study by Flegal (2012) showed that the prevalence rate among men was 35.5% and among women was 35.8%. It was also reported that more than a quarter of all applicants eyeing the military service get disqualified as a result of being overweight (Fitch et al, 2013). According to the data from two studies conducted by NHANES (national health and nutrition survey) NHIS (national health interview survey) and CDC (center for disease control and prevention) indicated that more than 2/3 (68.8%) of the adults in US are considered as either overweight or obese, more tan 1/3 (35.7) of US adults are obese, more than6.3% or a ratio of 1 in 20 are extremely obese, approximately 3 in 4 men are considered as either obese or overweight close to 8% of women are considered as extremely obese and that the prevalence rate for obesity cuts across gender parity (NHI, 2012).
High cases of obesity lead to physical, social and psychological consequences that are either long term or short term. Obese individuals have a reduced production due to the ill health associated with obesity. Additionally, obesity is a financially draining health condition. For instant, in America, it has been estimated that the medical cost incurred as a result of obesity related illnesses is approximately between $147 billion and $210 billion per year. It was estimated that an individual who is obese is likely to spend approximately $1,429 annually on medical bills above what a normal weight individual is likely to use (Fitch et al, 2013). Psychological and social consequences include stress resulting from management of obesity and associated illnesses as well as ridicule form other people. Physical consequences include development of complications such as high-blood pressure and diabetes as well as inactivity (Kushner, 2013).
Causes of Obesity
Obesity is defined as the BMI that is in excess of 30kg/m2and results from an over accumulation of body fats over a period of time and is caused by an interaction of environment and genotype. Development of obesity is not very clear but it has been linked to an integration of behavioral, social, cultural, genetic, metabolic and physiological factors (Fitch et al, 2013). Physical causes of obesity includes in activeness where people hardly get involved in exercises that helps in burning excess fats in the body. This is mostly associated with the sedentary lifestyle for many people due to the nature of their work. Obesity can also develop as a result of atherogenic diet and smoking. It has been documented that there exists differences in obesity preferences among different ethnic groups which indicates genetic factor as well as cultural factors (McKinney, 2013).For instant, men originating from Bangladeshi and China have a lower preference for obesity as compared to the general population, whereas obesity preference rate for African, Pakistani and Caribbean women is higher as compared to that of the general population (NICE, 2014). However, women with lower educational level as well as lower income tend to be more prone to developing obesity. In addition, blacks who are non-Hispanic shows the highest rates of obesity that is age-adjusted at 49.5% compared to Mexican Americans 40.4%, all Hispanics whites at 39.1% and the non-Hispanic whites at 34.3% (McKinney, 2013).
In US the rising obesity rates have been linked to several factors. It has been indicated that Americans consumes foods that are high in calories and they also eat less nutritious foods. This is because nutritious foods are more expensive as compared to the less nutritious foods. It has also been observed that Americans dive most of the time and walk less even for short distances. There is also an increase in the screen time which include use of computers, watching TV and videos which has led to a decrease in physical activities. Lastly, most Americans lead a sedentary life styles working long hours (Levi et al, 2009).
Study outcomes have pointed out that there is a bio-directional link between obesity and depression. This explains the psychological factors that lead to obesity. The study showed that obese people are more likely to develop depression with a prevalence rate of 55% and that depressed people are more likely to become obese with a prevalence rate of 58%. A similar study showed that obesity is weakly associated with anxiety disorders (NOO, 2011).It has been observed that obesity and major depression occur concurrently in most cases (Fitch, et al, 2013). The theory explaining how obesity leads to mental health states that due to increased medical issues as well as mobility restrictions linked to obesity, an individual may have psychological issues which can result to depression, distorted body image, low self-esteem and also eating disorders. On the other hand, individuals with mental disorders are likely to develop unhealthy lifestyle choices and also increased appetite. The biological effect of increased stress plus poor adherence to the programs of weig...