Nursing Process: Approach to Care Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer

Nursing Process: Approach to Care
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Nursing Process: Approach to Care
Diagnosis and Staging of Cancer
Cancer is a major cause of deaths in the world and has a number of symptoms. Mostly, some of these symptoms are not necessarily as a result of cancer but can be as a result of other problems or growth of cells which are non-cancerous cells. It is always advisable for a person to seek medical advice if one has experienced symptoms that do not go away after some times. The doctor normally will conduct physical body examinations and also conduct several tests on the patient so as to determine the cause of the symptoms. After the doctor has determined the cause of the symptoms as a result of cancer, this is known as diagnosis (National Comprehensive Cancer Network, n.d.). The doctor may now move to the next step so as to determine the treatment to the cancer patient.
Once the doctor has determined a patient has cancer, the next step he or she carries on the patient include finding out at which rate the cancer is spreading to other parts of the body. The laboratory test may be conducted as well as imaging tests which enable the doctor to know the location of cancer and how it has affected the other parts of the body. Cancer staging is normally carried out twice where the first staging is carried out before treatment and it is referred to as clinical stage. The second staging is carried out after the treatment also known as pathologic staging which can be done through surgery. For the doctors to conduct staging normally they use TNM staging system, a system which is conserved by American Joint Committee on Cancer and Union for International Cancer Control and National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Where T score determines the spreading rate of the primary tumor which is the node shows the expanse of cancer inside the nearby lymph nodes. Finally, the M (mestasis) ascertains if cancer has spread to other parts.
Complications of Cancer, Side Effects of Treatment, and Methods to Lessen Physical and Psychological Effects
When the patients are diagnosed with cancer, they are likely to develop different complications either before treatment or even after treatment of cancer. Childhood cancer survivors are likely to experience long term complications such as dysarthria, language impairment, and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (Yiu, Wong, Liu, Cheuk, Chiang, Ha, & Chan, 2018). Cancer treatment goes hand in hand with the side effects due to the procedures that are carried out in cancer patients during treatment. Procedures such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy on the neck and head and selected therapy can lead to harmful oral side effects. Some of the side effects associated with cancer treatment include oral mucositis and salivary gland dysfunction (Sroussi et al., 2017). Mucositis contributes to eating difficulties to the patients since it normally occurs along the gastrointestinal tract. Salivary gland dysfunction is a condition where a decrease in the flow of saliva occurs; it normally occurs in the first week of treatment of cancer patient through radiotherapy and intensifies through the treatment process.
Patients are likely to develop both psychological and physical effects when diagnosed with cancer. Psychological effects associated with cancer such as distress whereby the sometimes develop a negative attitude towards the disease and this affects his or her ability to cope with cancer. Clinicians can assist the patients overcome this emotional distress through providing various services, including providing counseling services, educating patient, and proving coping and psychological support, among others (Grassi, Spiegel, & Riba, 2017). Pain can be reduced through medication for instance pain of the skin of the peripheral nervous system can be reduced by simply applying medication over the painful area. Fatigue can be treated through the use of pharmacologic interventions or non-pharmacologic interventions. Some of the pharmacologic interventions may include stimulants, such as methylphenidate, and non-pharmacologic interventions including psychosocial interventions such as support groups, and psycho-educational therapies (Ferioli et al., 2018). Both pharmacologic interventions and non-pharmacologic interventions are critical in the treatment of physical and psychological effects of cancer.
Factors that contribute to the yearly incidence and mortality
Cancer has become a major cause of death in most countries of all earning level all over the world. As the population continues to grow, cancer cases are likely to increase due to some factors and this may, in turn, increase the mortality rate. Use of tobacco has played a big part in contributing to lung cancer cases leading to death, the highest rate of incidences of lung cancer are in United States of America among men. Due to low upkeep, mortality rate is similar to the incidence rate (Torre, Siegel, Ward, & Jemal, 2015). Excess body weight is another factor leading to incidences and mortality rate. By continuously consuming large quantities of red meat and processed meat leading to unhealthy body weight is risking colorectal cancer (Torre, Siegel, Ward, & Jemal, 2015). Continuous unhealthy lifestyle has largely contributed to increase in mortality rate among people.
In the United States there is a high rate incidence of colorectal cancer in adults. In the US and Australia, there is an increase in the colorectal cancer incidence rates for adults below 50 years “for whom screening is not recommended” (Torre et al., 2015, p. 20-21). Use of menopausal hormone therapy is a risk factor leading to breast cancer among women. In the United States, there is the highest record of incidence rate with also the highest mortality rate due to breast cancer among black women in the United States of America.
Role of the ACS in providing education and support
American cancer society can provide education and support through by creating awareness to the public and cancer patient on healthful habits and treatment, by this they put more emphasis on preventing the illness. American Cancer Society provides support through advocating of the wise use of medical care and therefore reducing the limitation of medical care hence allowing everyone who needs medical care to access it (Brawley, 2011). Education and support reduces the mortality ...