Data Analysis SLP
Module 5 - SLP DATA ANALYSIS Before any study can be undertaken, the researcher must determine what exactly will constitute the study’s target population, sample frame, and sample (if any of these terms is unfamiliar to you, I strongly encourage you to revisit the discussion of sampling in Module 3 as this information provides the foundation necessary to complete this case assignment). Also to be considered how he will go about recruiting subjects into his study. Your Task for this Assignment Discuss the following as it pertains to your study in 3-4 pages; incorporate this discussion into a 12-15 page final paper consisting of all prior SLP components. A sampling plan for your study to address the research question your chose in Module 1. Be sure to outline clearly your study’s- target population sampling frame sample A recruitment strategy for enlisting participation prospective research subjects in your study SLP Assignment Expectations You are expected to consult the scholarly literature in preparing your paper; you are also expected to incorporate relevant background readings. Your paper should be written in your own words. This will enable me to assess your level of understanding. In order to earn full credit, you must clearly show that you have read ALL required background materials. Be sure to cite your references in the text of all papers and on the reference list at the end. For examples, look at the way the references are listed in the modules and on the background reading list. Proofread your paper to be sure grammar and punctuation are correct and that each part of the assignment has been address clearly and completely. Length: 12-15 pages typed, double-spaced. Note: Wikipedia is not an acceptable source of information. Additional: Basically the task is the focus on diabetes. Disregard the module 4 nusring shortage and check the latest module i just added and take another look at the overall task. Please respond when you get this as I am late on this assignment. Gaps in fixing the issue. determine what exactly will constitute the study’s target population, sample frame, and sample Mod 3 milk consumption was and example just need to use the following example as follows in reference to diabetes: Research Hypothesis (one-tailed): Ho: School-aged youths who consume milk on a daily basis are equally as likely or more likely (than those who do not) to experience bone fractures. Ha: School-aged youths who consume milk on a daily basis are less likely to experience bone fractures. …where Ho reflects the null hypothesis and Ha the alternative hypothesis, which corresponds to the outcome that you, the researcher, expect to observe. Another way of stating your hypothesis would be in two-tailed format, i.e., Research Hypothesis (two-tailed): Ho: There is no relationship between daily milk consumption and bone fracture risk among school-aged youths. Ha: There is a relationship between daily milk consumption and bone fracture risk among school-aged youths. (Two-tailed hypotheses are used in instances in which a research is not able to anticipate the direction of a hypothesized relationship.) Your Specific Task for this Assignment Using the examples provided about, formulate your own research hypothesis corresponding to the research question you selected in Module 1. Add this to the previous components of your SLP, ensuring that there is consistency from research question-to-literature review-to- research hypothesis. (Your research hypothesis should correspond directly to your research question; if this is not the case, please revise either accordingly.) Your Task for this Assignment Discuss the following as it pertains to your study in 3-4 pages; incorporate this discussion into a 12-15 page final paper consisting of all prior SLP components. A sampling plan for your study to address the research question your chose in Module 1. Be sure to outline clearly your study’s- target population sampling frame sample A recruitment strategy for enlisting participation prospective research subjects in your study
DATA ANALYSIS SLP
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Introduction
Women are at a risk of developing diabetes type 2 if they have a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). As such, there is a need to reduce the risk of GDM in other pregnancies, as even the children of these women are at a higher risk of GDM (Berry et al., 2013). During pregnancy, women may have carbohydrate intolerance which increases the risk of GDM and developing Type 2 diabetes later in life. Lifestyle interventions have been proposed as likely ways through which to reduce the risk of diabetes. In particular, the need to focus on dieting, nutrition and how this interacts with weight gain ought to be taken into account when focusing on interventions. Additionally, the need to improve positive pregnant behavior and perceptions about health matters is likely to promote health. The sampling plan for the study follows a randomized controlled trial, and the study is conducted to understand effective management strategies for gestational diabetes.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes affects pregnant women, some with no previous history of the condition. Even though, proper nutrition and exercising have been used to manage the condition, a section of women may need to use insulin. In most cases, gestational diabetes is absent when women deliver, but some women go on to develop Type 2 diabetes. Hence, women who are diagnosed with gestational diabetes need to maintain healthy lifestyles after delivery to prevent and delay development of type 2 diabetes. Along with this, there is a need to check blood sugar regularly to ensure that there are no missed signals on risks of diabetes related complications. Like type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes involves insulin resistance and this should be taken into account when focusing on prevention strategies.
The topic is of interest as untreated GDM increases risk of maternal and fetal adverse health outcome, highlighting on the need for early detection and treatment (Getahun et al., 2009). There is a tendency for GDM recurrence, where 35-60 % of pregnancy mothers are at a risk of developing T2D (Getahun et al., 2009). By focusing on women who have no previous experience with GDM, it is easier to understand the risk factors and best ways through which to prevent the disease. Hence, the study will exclude those participants who have subsequent cases of GDM, and where possible focus on those on their first pregnancies. In order to accomplish this, it was found necessary to incorporate data from postpartum medical records, as this provides more accurate information regarding the patients’ past medical history.
The need to prevent GDM in a community setting typically involves use of insulin, but this may exclude mothers with low access to medical cover. The treatment options have dual purposes to ensure that the unborn children are healthy while also ensuring that the glucose levels are within the normal limits during pregnancy. As such the need to focus on a broad based initiative to minimize and prevent development of gestational diabetes is necessary to improve the quality of care among pregnant women. Thus, the study will focus on the ways through which managing pregnancies and adopting healthier lifestyles is effective in reducing the risk of developing T2D.
Diagnosis, development, complications and factors causing gestational diabetes
Research studies on diabetes mostly focus on type 1 and 2, with insulin receiving attention, with insulin use as the most sought after intervention to manage diabetes. Nonetheless, diabetes which occurs during pregnancy has received less attention, but is also fatal and often results to complicated pregnancies. Women typically have impaired response to insulin during pregnancies because of hormonal changes. However, not all women develop insulin resistance while pregnant. Hence, there are those who have a high level of blood sugar that results to diabetes, and this is particularly during the third trimester when women are at a higher risk of gestational diabetes. There exist knowledge gaps on how to manage gestation diabetes, highlighting on the need to look into ways through which to improve the health of pregnant mothers.
Development
The hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy may not necessarily be the only risk factor, as other factors also contribute towards development of GDM. The placenta and the umbilical cord play a prominent role during pregnancies. The child gets nutrients through placenta and the umbilical cord. The placenta is also responsible for the production of hormones during pregnancy, and some of these hormones are responsible for insulin resistance. Even though, insulin resistant actions are meant to recue the risk of low blood sugar, they may affect glucose intolerance because the blood sugar level is higher than normal. Among pregnant women, insulin regulation and role of pancreas in countering the high level of blood sugar level may be ineffective. In other words the role of the pancreas in producing insulin is inhibited during pregnancies because of hormonal changes, and hence pregnant women stand the risk of developing gestational and T2D.
Complications
The complications associated with gestational diabetes are potentially fatal, as the condition has no symptoms. In any case, pregnant women could be living with diabetes without their knowledge, and unusually high levels of blood sugar may signal that there is a risk of diabetes. Children born by mothers with gestational diabetes are more likely to be born with birth defects, and they may also suffer from nutritional problems at the time of their birth. One of these risks is over nutrition, and the children may accumulate excessive tissues and grow abnormally large (Buchanan et al., 2007). This has increased birth complications for the mother putting both the child and the mother at risk
Causal factors
Being overweight or obese is a risk factor, and interplay of a myriad of factors including having pre-diabetes increases the risk of developing gestational diabetes. Additionally, giving birth to overweight children increases the risk of gestational diabetes. Women who have experienced gestational diabetes in the past stand a higher risk of diabetes occurrence during another pregnancy. At the same time, it is likely that genetic predisposition plays a role in developing gestational diabetes, and if close family members have the disease then there is a risk of developing this type of diabetes. Lifestyle choices also affect likely development and progression of gestational lifestyle, as living unhealthy lifestyles impacts negatively on the quality of life and increases likely complications for expectant mothers. Overall any factor that results on insulin resistance results to a rise in the level of blood glucose levels.
Diagnosis
There is no agreement on whether screening should be conducted for all pregnant women even for those with no risk factors. However, it is important to first identify whether there are risk factors, by taking into account family history, lifestyle, diet and the body mass index (BMI). Hence, depending on the risk, routine screening should be conducted focusing more on those at high risk of gestational diabetes. Hence, glucose challenge test followed by a glucose tolerance test will be crucial in determining if expectant mothers have gestational diabetes from the second trimester. Subsequent glucose tolerance testing confirms whether the conditional exists as they identify whether pregnant women have higher than normal blood sugar levels.
Gestational diabetes, interventions and management strategies
The research will investigate whether effective management of pregnancies and adopting a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy can minimize the risk of gestational diabetes.
Research Hypothesis (one-tailed):
H0: Effective management of pregnancies and adopting a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy is equally effective to minimize the risk of gestational diabetes in comparison to
H1: Effective management of pregnancies and adopting a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy is more likely to minimize the risk of gestational diabetes.
Research hypothesis (two-tailed):
H0: There is no relationship between adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing pregnancies and minimizing the risk of gestational diabetes.
H1: There is a relationship between effective management of pregnancies, adopting healthy lifestyles and minimizing the risk of gestational diabetes.
Lifestyle behavior during and after pregnancy
Women participating in the study are expected to appreciate the resolve to improve their health status. Studies show that women, who receive education on the role of dieting and physical activities, understand the role that the two play during pregnancy (Lie et al., 2013). There is recognition that during pregnancy, would-be mothers are likely to be anxious on carrying out exercises and eating habits. However, after a child is born, focus typically shifts to the child especially if glucose levels return to the normal levels. After the birth of a child there is recognition that the women may find it hard to deal with physical activities and proper dieting.
Adopting healthy lifestyles includes taking into account the role of dieting in improving the health of expectant mothers. The diet should ideally be nutritious and appropriate to include foods that are rich in calcium, folic acid and iron. Carbohydrates play an important role in the body providing necessary energy requirements. Care should be exercised when taking carbohydrates since the level of physical activities and distribution affects blood sugar level. This calls for the need to consult a doctor who can provide advice on the appropriate combination of foods. In any case, the intensity of the physical activities should be appropriate to the pregnancy stage, whereby there is a need to consult a doctor as the physical activity may be strenuous and detrimental to the health of the mother and the unborn child. At the same time, the diet should be high in fiber while saturated should be reduced as much as possible.
To highlight on the role of adopting healthy lifestyles and managing gestational diabetes it’s worth mentioning the complications for the condition. Expectant women are at a high risk of preeclampsia and a high blood pressure, and gestational diabetes results even to higher blood pressure. This has the potential to threaten the lives of both the mother and the child. In adopting healthy lifestyles, there is a lower chance of blood pressure becoming fatal. Healthy lifestyles also influence t...