Condition Overview: Dementia
My Condition is on Dementia
Condition Overview
Briefly describe the condition, including major symptoms and impacts. Provide relevant statistics (e.g., prevalence and incidence).
Cause(s) and Risk Factors
Identify the cause of the condition and the factors that increase risk for the condition
Diagnosis
Discuss how the condition is diagnosed (e.g., What tests are used? What are the diagnostic criteria? Who makes the diagnosis?).
Treatment
Briefly describe common treatments for the condition.
Typical Prognosis and Trajectory
Discuss the course of the condition (e.g., Is it progressive/worse over time? What can people do to limit impacts of the condition? What is the long-term outlook for living with the condition?).
Impacts on Daily Living
Describe and explore how the condition impacts independence and activities of daily living and self-care (e.g., preparing meals and eating, driving/transportation, hygiene, mobility, etc.).
Psychosocial Impacts
Describe and explore how the condition impacts psychological wellbeing, social life, and socialization.
Vocational Impacts
Describe and explore how the condition impacts work and employment (e.g., job searching, maintaining a job, etc.).
Dementia
Student’s Name
Institution
Course Number and Name
Instructor’s Name
Date
Dementia
Condition Overview
Dementia is the loss of cognition to the extent that one's ability to reason, think, and remember is impaired [NIH National Institute on Aging (NIA), 2022]. Due to the impairment of key cognitive functions, dementia interferes with activities of daily living (ADL), such as making appointments, cooking, shopping, and managing finances (Frederiksen & Waldemar, 2021). Dementia is not a disease in itself but a group of illnesses and diseases caused by abnormal changes in the brain (Frederiksen & Waldemar, 2021). Key symptoms associated with dementia include memory loss, confusion, difficulty speaking, poor judgment, repeating questions, and difficulty reading, among others (NIA, 2022).
It is estimated that 47 million people in the world live with dementia, a figure that is expected to rise to 131 million by 2050 (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). In the US, 15% of people aged above 68 years have dementia (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). Furthermore, it is estimated that dementia accounts for $818 billion in socio-economic costs to the world (Frederiksen & Waldemar, 2021). Dementia is thus a serious syndrome that impacts many people around the world.
Causes and Risk Factors
According to Frederiksen & Waldemar (2021), dementia can be caused by many diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. It is important, however, to recognize that dementia-like syndrome may be caused by other conditions, such as depression, thyroid dysfunction, and vitamin deficiency (Frederiksen & Waldemar, 2021). Nonetheless, these conditions rarely meet the diagnostic criteria for dementia, meaning that they have to be excluded before the diagnosis of dementia is made. The main neurodegenerative disorders responsible for dementia include Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, vascular dementia, and frontotemporal dementia (Frederiksen & Waldemar, 2021).
The key risk factors for dementia include age, race/ethnicity, family history, and poor heart health (CDC, 2019). Age is the most important risk factor, with 15% of Americans aged above 68 years having dementia (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). In regards to race/ethnicity, compared to whites, older African Americans are two times as likely to have dementia (CDC, 2019).
Diagnosis
No one test exists to determine whether a person has dementia. In diagnosing dementia, doctors must first determine whether an individual has an underlying condition associated with cognitive difficulties (NIA, 2022). The diagnosis of dementia involves a physical examination and laboratory tests. These are done to identify and rule out symptoms' causes (NIA, 2022). In addition, a review of family history and one’s medical records can provide important information about dementia risk. According to NIA (2022), other procedures that doctors may use to diagnose dementia include brain scans such as CT and MRI, cognitive and neurological tests, genetic tests, psychiatric evaluation, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests.
For a person to be diagnosed with dementia, the loss of cognitive abilities "must be present in several cognitive domains" and "represent a decline from the prior level of function” (Arvanitakis et al., 2019, p.18). Dementia is often diagnosed by neurologists who specialize in brain and nervous system disorders (NIA, 2022). As pointed out by NIA (2022), other specialists that can diagnose dementia include geriatricians, neuropsychologists, and geriatric psychiatrists.
Treatment
According to NIA (2022), there is currently no cure for any type of dementia. However, almost all types of dementia are treatable in the sense that there exist medications and other measures that can be used to manage symptoms (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are key categories of drugs approved to treat dementia, specifically AD. As informed by Arvanitakis et al. (2019), approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors include Donepezil, Galantamine, and Rivastigmine. Another drug class for dementia attributed to AD is the NMDA receptor antagonist, Memantine (Arvanitakis et al., 2019). All these drugs impact different brain chemical processes and have been shown to stabilize or improve memory in dementia patients (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Som...