Brain Injury in Football Players and Cardiac Surgical Patients

Brain Injury in Football Players and Cardiac Surgical Patients Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation Brain Injury in Football Players and Cardiac Surgical Patients Brain Injury in Football Players and Cardiac Surgical Patients Introduction The current study is related to find a similarity and difference between brain injury in football players and cardiac surgical patients. No doubt, brain injuries are quite harmful and may lead the person into a complicated stage. According to the latest study, young people show permanent evidence of brain injury. Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have been identified in the college football players that are quite alarming situation (Orlando Health, 2018). The football players who have repeated hits to the head may face lifelong consequences regarding brain injury. Source: (Stanford Children, 2019) The development of brain injury because of cardiac surgery is a common complication. Many people who undergo cardiac surgery used to develop postoperative brain injury that enhances the chances of illness and death. It also badly affects the life quality of the patient. The risk of brain injuries has been increased with new interventions. To improve the postoperative outcomes related to the brain, various neuro-monitoring techniques have been developed, For instance, brain oxygenation, cerebral cortical activity, cerebral blood flow, depth of anaesthesia, and brain embolic events have been monitored with the help of new techniques ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Scolletta</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>1066</RecNum><DisplayText>(Scolletta, Taccone, &amp; Donadello, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1066</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="5zrw0fwxmz00s6exf0k5sp2iv0f0pxtptwpa" timestamp="1568762408">1066</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Scolletta, S.</author><author>Taccone, F. S.</author><author>Donadello, K.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy - [email protected].</auth-address><titles><title>Brain injury after cardiac surgery</title><secondary-title>Minerva Anestesiol</secondary-title><alt-title>Minerva anestesiologica</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Minerva Anestesiol</full-title><abbr-1>Minerva anestesiologica</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Minerva Anestesiol</full-title><abbr-1>Minerva anestesiologica</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>662-77</pages><volume>81</volume><number>6</number><edition>2014/09/16</edition><keywords><keyword>Brain Injury, Chronic/*etiology/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Cardiac Surgical Procedures/*adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Delirium/etiology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Postoperative Complications/*therapy</keyword><keyword>Stroke/etiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0375-9393</isbn><accession-num>25220549</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(Scolletta, Taccone, & Donadello, 2015). Different pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been suggested to reduce brain injury incidence. Brain Injury Condition in Groups Brain injury after cardiac surgery was a common phenomenon. A prospective study was conducted in which 29 patients went through Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG). The patients experienced a deficit in main cerebral domains that include decision-making function, thoughtfulness, and memory. The patients were recovered from such brain deficits within a couple of weeks. Nevertheless, verbal learning skill was not functional in the patients even after the time of 12 weeks. According to the postoperative MRI report, about 45% of the patients have small lesions in the brain. After three months postoperative monitoring, it has been observed that small lesions have no connection with obstinate neurocognitive dysfunction. In 3% cases, minimal complications regarding seizers and deterioration in intellect function have been observed. At the time of discharge from the hospital, around 80% of the patients have shown the symptoms of severe cognitive decline. Many of the patients were able to recover from such symptoms. Only 10-30% of the patients were not able to recover from neurocognitive decline even after the period of six months. While in few patients, neurocognitive disorder was present even after 5 years (Knipp, Matatko, Wilhelm, Schlamann, & Massoudy, 2004). The persistence of postoperative neurocognitive issue for a long time is a matter of major concern. After a 3 months follow-up and MRI, it has been concluded that the new brain lesions have no correlation with the deterioration of the brain. The on-pump and off-pump CABG has been compared in the study with respect to a better neurocognitive function. It has been observed that the brain function is better in the off-pump CABG as compared to on-pump. It has been analyzed that the age factor contributes a lot in the post-operative brain injury. Patients who are older connected with brain injury and changed cerebral flow autoregulation. The study revealed that people who are more educated, their brains are connected with a better neurocognitive function, and they are able to recover from such type of brain injury within a short time. During the on-pump surgery, various ways may cause emboli such as from bypass circuit, aortic cannulation, and rewarming phase. 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