Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Laws in the Pharmaceutical Industries of Emerging Markets
*Area of interest - Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Laws in Pharmaceutical Industry Are in the Continuous State of Evolution in Emerging Markets. This is the final paper (previous paper is attached here). ATTACHED ARE "Signature assignment instructions"; "week 5-8 discussions (Please use these in writing the paper)'; "paper writing guidelines by the professor"; and previous paper which was written based on week 1- 4 discussions.
In 8-10 pages, you are asked to put together a prospectus of a research project in your area of interest in which you would use correlation, regression, and a discussion of the possibility of using factor analysis in analyzing your data. Also, present some potential confounding variables that you might want to consider (such as mediators and moderators).
The prospectus should include information on your topic of interest, identification of a problem that research would help to address in some way, one or more research questions, one or more hypotheses, and a discussion related to how you plan to conduct your data analysis (to include the information identified in the previous paragraph).
Here are some helpful hints:
- You should use continuous variables as both predictor and outcome variables. That is to say, both variables must be measurable by a numerical scale.
- Correlation and regression are closely related in that they give you a correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r in correlation and a beta value in regression analysis). A lot of times people will run a correlation first to view how closely items are related and then run the regression analysis to obtain more thorough
analytical results.
- Factor analysis is typically performed on survey type research in business. If you do not think factor analysis applies to your situation, then please describe why you do not think it applies to demonstrate your understanding of the analytical tool.
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Writing Guidelines: - • Running head and pagination. • The length of this paper should be between 8-10 pages (not including the cover or title page, table of contents, reference page and Appendices page). • APA style formatting (7th edition), double spaced, with 1-inch margins and 12 point Times New Roman font. • Add an EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (including THESIS statement) at the beginning of the document; and add INTRODUCTION and CONCLUSION paragraphs. • Please include TITLE PAGE, TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE, REFERENCE PAGE, and any APPENDICES. • Please submit in a word document and NOT pdf version. • Please use HEADINGS AND SUBHEADINGS to organize your paper. • Use at least 10 academic, peer-reviewed, library trade publications, scholarly or professional practitioner sources, and minimum 40 in-text CITATIONS are required. • You must cite and reference all texts used, including page numbers as applicable to avoid plagiarism. • Please provide verifiable links/web address for each academic reference used. • Paper should be proofread for spelling and grammar mistakes. • Write your paper in an integrated fashion, weaving theory and application. In other words, do not merely respond to each bullet above as a checklist.
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Professor’s Additional instructions – Please: - Use third person in writing. - Do not use quotes. - Use APA formatting (7TH Edition) of references and in text citations is required. - the following resources are NOT ACCEPTABLE as citations for this paper: • Wikipedia.com • Ehow.com • Dictionary.com • About.com • Smallbusiness.chron.com • Diffen.com • Yourbusiness.azcentral.com • Tjmarino.com • Investopedia.com • Boundless.com and Lumen • CourseHero.com • Chegg.com • Difference between • Answers.com • Any student essay website.
caspects such as trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, and patents. Firstly, patents are crucial for developers of new medicines because they prevent competitors from developing or selling such drugs for a specified time period. Secondly, trade secrets are another form of IPR that protect any confidential information available with regard to the development of a particular drug (World Trade Organization). Apart from that, trademarks and copyrights are also deemed crucial, with the former protecting the company's brand names, logos, and any distinctive signs that could assist consumers in identifying their products, while the latter involves protection of the creative expression of ideas used in marketing and advertising (Nguyen, 2020). Consequently, IPR laws play a critical role in the pharmaceutical industry by providing incentives for innovation and allowing companies to recoup their investments in research and development. With the evolution of IPR laws being the dependent variable, it will be measured in terms of changes in IPR policy reforms, legal frameworks, and enforcement mechanisms over time in the selected emerging markets. 2.2 Independent Variables 2.2.1 Economic Factors Intellectual property rights (IPR) and their resultant macroeconomics have continued to attract considerable attention from both policymakers and academics in recent times. With emerging markets experiencing rapid economic changes, they provide opportunities for foreign investors wishing to expand their consumer markets (Nguyen, 2020). Consequently, multinational corporations in pharmacy contribute to the increase in foreign direct investment and economic growth. Additionally, the advancement of technology leads to a rise in the number of registered rights, including patents, trademarks, and copyrights (Neves et al., 2021). With such investments in technology, such markets often require new and more robust IPR laws that can subsequently offer more protection to the owner and inventors. Neves et al. (2021) found that IPR has an overall positive effect on innovation and growth, with the effect on innovation weaker in developing countries than in developed countries. Consequently, robust IPR can offer incentives for innovation to occur, which can ultimately improve the economy by creating better jobs, improving the public health structure, and enhancing the social and economic development of emerging economies (Urias & Ramani, 2020). This can be measured by assessing GDP growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), and budgets for technological advancements. This is because higher economic growth and increased investment in technology may drive the need for stronger IPR laws to protect and promote innovation. 2.2.2 Legal Factors While advanced countries have legal and institutional frameworks that facilitate the protection of IPR, emerging markets struggle due to non-existent or poor frameworks. Legal factors are thus crucial in developing and implementing IPR laws based on the country’s ability to adhere to high standards (Islam et al., 2019). Therefore, existing legal frameworks in a market can establish minimum standards that protect against infringement through protection and enforcement mechanisms. Additionally, the ratification of international agreements such as the TRIPS by the WTO and the signing of bilateral agreements by emerging markets force them to comply with minimum standards of IPR protection and enforceability (Urias & Ramani, 2020). More so, legal decisions such as court rulings help to set precedents that can guide the behavior and encourage the creation of IPR. These aspects can thus be measured by evaluating the existing legal framework, court rulings, bilateral agreements, and ratification of international agreements (Festa et al., 2022). Additionally, changes in legal interpretations, court decisions, and international obligations could also have a potential impact on the development and implementation of IPR laws in an emerging market. 2.2.3 Technological Factors Technological factors form a major part in the shaping of IPR laws in emerging markets. The advancement of technological innovations has led to the development of new machinery, drug regimens, and manufacturing processes that have enabled the decentralization of the pharmaceutical industry (Neves et al., 2021). More so, with globalization opening up the global market, supply chains have emerged, thus leading to cross-border interactions. Therefore, the protection and enforcement of IPR laws have become more critical, especially in such a sensitive industry. To measure these technological factors, aspects such as advancements in information and communication technologies (ICT), digitalization, and innovation capabilities can be assessed (Nemlioglu, 2019). This is because any rapid technological advancements require up-to-date IPR laws to address newfound challenges and opportunities. 2.3 Confounding Variables 2.3.1 Moderating Variable The level of economic development is considered a moderator, which can affect the strength or direction of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. This is possible because the stage of development of an emerging market is likely to determine the prioritization of IPR protection based on their preferences or specific needs (Kang et al., 2020). 2.3.2 Mediating Variable In this study, the innovation capabilities of the emerging market are considered a mediator which can explain the underlying mechanisms or processes through which the independent variables affect the dependent variable. This could be measured by assessing the government investment in R&D, options for technology transfer, and the number of patent filings (Nemlioglu, 2019). An emerging economy with higher innovation capabilities is thus likely to have an increased demand for stronger IPR protection that can drive the evolution. 3. Research Questions and Hypotheses 3.1 Research Questions This research will aim to answer the following questions:
- What are the key factors that influence the evolution of IPR laws in emerging markets?
- How do these factors interact and shape the direction and pace of IPR policy reforms, legal frameworks, and enforcement mechanisms in emerging markets?
- Does the level of economic development of an emerging market moderate the relationship between the select factors and the evolution of IPR laws?
- Do the innovation capabilities of an emerging market mediate the relationship between the select factors and the evolution of IPR laws?