American History to 1865 Research Assignment Paper

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American History to 1865
1 Two Civilizations Which Flourished In North America before European Contact
Following a period of nomadic life among the ancient Indians who settled in permanent villages in North America, a new cultural stage that introduced fishing, farming, and poetry making was established. Hunting was advanced to a much faster approach that focused on elusive mammals such as the antelopes, deer’s, caribous, and the moose (David Goldfield n.p). The culture of North America’s early population represented approaches that adapted to the changing environment that granted opportunities for agricultural practices. During this time, people resorted to the weaving of baskets and the use of stone grinders to prepare plants and roots that were collected for food, with this giving birth to civilization. The Indians in America brought about three different civilizations that include:
* The Adena-Hopewell Culture originating from Ohio River Valley
* The Mississippi Culture that originated from the South West
* Hohokam-Anasazi Culture from the Southwest
The Adena-Hopewell Culture
The Adena-Hopewell culture is currently known as the American Midwest that brought huge earthworks and elaborated burial mounds, with some of the shaped like birds, snakes, and other animals. This culture was known for its gathering efforts and hunting (David Goldfield n.p). Evidence detail that the burial mounds indicate this cultures complex social structures that featured specialized division of labor, thus elaborating the trade networks that spanned from this culture.
The Mississippi Culture of the South West
The Mississippians established substantial towns around temples and central plazas. Like the Aztecs, the Mississippians developed a specialized labor system, efficient government structures, and extensive trading networks in North America (David Goldfield n.p).
2 Comparison and Contrast of the way that three Northern Colonies were Founded
Upon establishment, the 13 British colonies that existed divided into three primary groups that include the New, Middle, and Southern England. The three colonies had specified unique development according to their topographical regions. In as much as they had several resemblances in the manner in which the New, Middle, and Southern were developed, subsequently proof posits their differences in terms of their political, social, and economical structures (David Goldfield n.p). However, these colonies had analogous relationships since they were all structured in a democratic way.
Prevalent in these colonies was their capacity in running democratic governments. The Middle colonies failed to provide inclusivity to the church, hence a separation between the church and the state. The New England Colonies on the other hand were subsequently theocratic, determining that the church had a hand in controlling the government (David Goldfield n.p). The Southern colony on the contrary was Oligarchy in autonomy, meaning that the wealthy plantation owners have a hand in the functions of the state since they focused on the people who had the capacity to wage their expenditures in terms of taxes.
In as much as the three colonies achieved the goal of self-ruling, they all had differentiating structures. The New England colony provided support to each other in the establishment of a one-class system: the middle class (David Goldfield n.p). The Middle colonies on the other hand developed second-class systems that comprised of the upper class individuals who were predominantly landowners and the middle class experts who lived in different states.
The Southern Colony initiated a third class system that only considered the upper class populations who were wealthy plantation owners and the lower class population that comprised of the poor whites and another population of Negroes who were found to be classless (David Goldfield n.p). The three British American Colonies developed social orders that defined the way they governed the state. The American colonies were therefore vast and differed as a result of their geographical positioning.
3 The Role that Slavery Played in the Settlement of two Southern Colonies.
Slavery was not constituted as an atypical institution of the South among the 13 colonies of British North America. In as much as slaves were sold within the American colonies since 1619, slave labor did not typically represent proportions of the labor force until the first quarter of the 17th century, hence the exponential growth of slaves during this period (David Goldfield n.p). Throughout the 17th century, slaves were found in every colony on the United States. The slaves played a significant role in the Southern colonies that held the most slaves for economic reasons during that period that saw the expansion of agriculture. Until the advancement of the industrial revolution that occurred during the 19th century, the Southern colonies fundamentally relied on cash crops such as rice, tobacco, corn, and cotton.
The rise in the population of enslaved Africans and African Americans in the Southern colonies immensely increased since the climate of and geography of this colony was productive for agriculture (David Goldfield n.p). Abundance in rainfall and warmer weather throughout the year advanced the possibility of producing large crops for sale, aspects that necessitated the demand for slaves. Slave trade vehemently granted the Southern agriculturalists opportunity to cultivate several crops without paying much for labor. An emergence of a wealthier population of white agriculturalists that defined the antebellum South occurred during this period. Without the slavery, the existence of the planter class would not have been effective in amassing exorbitant wealth. Having slaves therefore allowed these classes to acquire more wealth form themselves, hence helping them in purchasing more slaves. The planter class additionally lacked the required skills in cultivating some crops such as rice that proved difficult to grow. Plantation owners purchased slaves from several regions in West Africa that were experienced in the growing of these crops on their firms.
4 The Events of April 18, 1775 including its Consequences
The Battles of Concord and Lexington that were fought on the 19th of April 1775 prompted the American Revolutionary War. Tensions mounted for years between the residents of the American Colonies and the British authorities, with particular inference to Massachusetts. In late 1774, adoption of the Suffolk Resolves occurred to resist the implementation of alterations by the British parliament and the Massachusetts colonial government that occurred after the Boston Tea Party (David Goldfield n.p). An illegal nationalist shadow government referred to as the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was formed during this party that required the local legionnaires to engage in training for possible conflicts. The rebellious government integrated measures to control the colonies that were outside the British control of Boston.
The British regime avowed Massachusetts for its rebellion, sending close to 700 British Army regular from Boston on secret orders to capture and destroy the rebelling militia and its military supplies that were stored by the Massachusetts militia under th...