International Development and International Relations Theories

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QUESTION 1
#1
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPPC), a joint effort between the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Program, is the most authoritative worldwide scientific authority on climate change. Climate change impacts, future hazards, and adaptation and mitigation measures are part of the IPCC's scope of work. There is no better source of knowledge on climate change than the IPCC reports, which are authored by outstanding scientists who give their time and skills as authors and reviewers. The IPCC's three main research groups are Physical Science Basis, Impacts, Adaptation, Vulnerability, and Climate Change Mitigation. Global climate change research is based on the consensus of international organizations and treaties that IPCC reports are the standard by which decisions are made, and actions are taken to combat global warming.
The IPCC's primary function is to compile reports on the current level of knowledge about climate change. Various evaluation reports, such as special and methodological reports, fall under this category. The IPCC holds plenary sessions of the Panel or IPCC Working Groups to approve, adopt, and accept reports to carry out its work program. The IPCC's work program, budget, and report summaries are decided upon at plenary sessions. To help the IPCC Panel with its scientific and technical tasks, the IPCC Bureau meets often. To create reports, the IPCC holds scoping sessions of experts and meetings of the main authors. To support its work plan, it arranges expert meetings and workshops and publishes the contents of these sessions. The IPCC participates in outreach events on its own and those held by other organizations and sends speakers to different conferences to share its results and explain its work. IPCC meetings and working groups may be found on the Documentation part of the IPCC website.
The real-life international event from the perspective of Liberalism
In 1990, liberalism took hold as the dominant world system. During their time in power after World War II, Western liberal leaders thought that they could establish an international order founded on equality and freedom to ensure a more peaceful and safe society in line with liberalism's predominant traditions and ideals. Although the liberal order has controlled most of the international system for the past seventy years, it has also been the most peaceful. Dr. Irepoglu-Carreras asserts that liberalism has significantly decreased poverty. The collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989 ushered in a new era of American hegemony based on liberal philosophy. A position of near-global predominance was achieved by liberal ideology in Western industrial nations after 1989. As liberal ideology consolidated into a single dominating regime, the Washington Consensus encouraged some neoliberal growth. Many significant essays have highlighted how globalization has strengthened the case for the established order: "The Liberal Tradition in America, democracy as a universal virtue, the US hegemony, and the worldwide advantage of the United States."
A similar event took place in 2000, when the European Union adopted a common currency, established a common market, and standardized regional trade connections. The ascent of China was accelerated by the global economic downturn in 2008 and the waning influence of the United States. UNDP's 2012 human development report, titled "The Rise of the Global South," focuses on the "China Miracle," a series of disparate development leaps by the Chinese. With the creation of the BRICS in 2010, China became a global economic superpower and set in motion the role of a regional hegemon. New identity politics, new nationalisms, protest movements, the decline of political globalization, the retreat of the world economy following the US/China trade war, the UK's abandonment of the EU and the new US immigration laws, as well as a wider rise in anti-liberal projects around the world, have all contributed to the decline of the liberal order. The post-liberal theory is then used to link these shifts to a new type of reasoning, drawing attention to the global governance debate and the emerging polycentric assertion that institutional and quasi-institutional structures can legitimize governance initiatives. This new line of logic is then taken up in this case.
Using theory is that liberalism offered an institutional foundation under which globalization succeeded. In recent years, globalization has become one of the most prominent issues. As a result, globalization covers an enormous range of topics and has been going on for decades. While globalization is not new, it has taken various forms over the past several decades, which must be dissected to grasp its interconnectedness (Sørensen, Mølle & Jackson 2022). While the state is still the primary unit of study in liberal international politics, the principles of realism are expanded to include international law, peace theories, international institutions, and nongovernmental groups as equally essential players in global politics. Dr. Irepoglu-Carreras confirms that liberalism is useful for diplomats and political leaders because they may use it to promote the adoption of Western political systems and international law and peace (Sørensen, Mølle & Jackson 2022). On the international scene, libertarians may have an advantage.
#2
During the Peloponnesian War, the historian Thucydides also served as a commander for Athens. In the conflict, the Peloponnesian League and...