Innovations in Correction

Innovations in Correction
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Innovations in Correction
Chapter 1: Choosig two goals of corrections and developing a system in line with these goals
As has been mentioned in the book, there are five goals to corrections: punishment, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation and restitution. As a new warden, I would like to focus on two goals: restitution and rehabilitation.
Restitution is important because it helps victims feel the justice in the sentence awarded. Because they are involved in the process of adjudication, revenge crimes can be prevented (Seiter, 2011, p. 34). Moreover, despite the wrong done against victims by including them in the sentencing of perpetrators, they can start trusting the government mechanism for justice and they can start to live normally again.
Also, is the use of chain gangs that work in community service is another advantage of restitution (Seiter, 2011, p. 33). Though this move, the government save money for infrastructure projects since they no longer have to pay for manual laborers. On the other hand, inmates do not become freeloaders - they earn their keep.
Rehabilitation is another important goal because it helps convicts to reintegrate with society after serving their sentence. This way, they can begin to have a normal life and hopefully prevent them from returning to crime (Seiter, 2011, p. 32). All too often, when convicts get out of prison, they are unable to get employment. Some of these convicts may revert to petty crimes such as theft and robbery. By teaching inmates livelihood skills, they can earn income and empower them when they go back to their own communities.
Chapter 2:
1) What role did John Howard play in the early development of jails?
John Howard was one of the early jail reformers who pushed for the English penitentiary Act that allowed for "secure and sanitary structures, systematic inspections, and sanitary structures, systematic inspections"ADDIN Mendeley Citation{c56f98a1-2717-4317-9f04-6f6c51005601} CSL_CITATION { "citationItems" : [ { "id" : "ITEM-1", "itemData" : { "author" : [ { "family" : "Seiter", "given" : "Richard P." } ], "edition" : "3rd", "id" : "ITEM-1", "issued" : { "date-parts" : [ [ "2011" ] ] }, "publisher" : "Prentice Hall", "title" : "Corrections: An Introduction", "type" : "book" }, "uris" : [ "/documents/?uuid=c56f98a1-2717-4317-9f04-6f6c51005601" ] } ], "mendeley" : { "manualFormatting" : "(Seiter, 2011, pp.19-20)", "previouslyFormattedCitation" : "(Seiter, 2011)" }, "properties" : { "noteIndex" : 0 }, "schema" : "https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json" } (Seiter, 2011, pp.19-20).2) What are the advantages of a regional jail?
Regional jails are able to take advantage of the economies of scale so it`s much cheaper to operate. Moreover, it is able to hire more workers and serve larger communities. Unlike smaller jails, regional jails are well-funded and are relatively more secure than county jails.3) List the potential reasons for the increase in the jail incarceration rate over the past decade
Increasing poverty, substance abuse and unaddressed mental illness has led to the increasing use of jails. Aside from the increasing number of people who are getting imprisoned, it has also become more difficult for inmates to get out temporarily out of jail. The "tough on crime" campaign of the government has led to higher bail amounts and less likely to grant bail without the requirements (Seiter, 2011, p.77).
4) Describe the normal booking process in a jail.
When offenders are caught and brought to jail, they are identified, and fingerprinted. Their properties are inventoried and stored in a vault. They then undergo physical and mental screening. They are briefed on the process of incarceration. At this point, offenders are housed on a less secure jail. Minor offenders are released after a period of time as well as those who were granted bail. Others who are not released on bail or personal recognizance are moved in a more secure part of the jail and are interviewed to get more information about the crime and past criminal history (Seiter, 2011, p.80).5) Describe the problems associated with the use of the classification systems in jails.
One of the central problems in jail classification is that it has "suffered benign neglect" because it was not given a central role in jail management. Most times, information from the interview are no longer verified so the objective of the system is not often upheld. Also, even the physical and medical screenings are not as thorough as the system requires (Seiter, 2011, p. 81).6) Describe the impact of the Bell v Wolfish decision on modern jail operations.
The Bell v. Wolfish decision afforded inmates with more humane treatments in jails. Excessive bails were banned and conditions of jails were improved (Seiter, 2011, p.95).
Chapter 4:1) What are the primary emphases of probation supervision?
The primary purpose of probation supervision is to maintain surveillance, enforce conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes (Seiter, 2011, p.108).2) Differentiate between the casework and surveillance styles of probation supervision?
A casework style of supervision emphasizes helping the offender with problems, providing counseling, and en-suring that the offender completes supervision. Meanwhile, a surveillance style of supervision emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules or supervision and the detection of violations leading to revocation and return to custody (Seiter, 2011, p.108).
3) Differentiate between standard and special conditions of probation.
Standard conditions of probation refer to the requirements which has to be followed by every probationer while special conditions of probation are conditions which are tailored to meet the needs (or risks) associated with an offender (Seiter, 2011, p. 112).4) What are the two types of supervised probation violation?
The two types of supervised probation violation are technical violation and new-crime violation.5) Describe the results of evaluations regarding intensive supervised probation.
A review of 14 counties in 9 states, it was found that judges placed high- risk probationers in the programs rather than diverting offenders from prison (Seiter, 2011, p. 123).
6) Describe the operation of boot camp.
Boot camps are usually reserved for young, first- time prisoners who are deemed likely to benefit from structure and discipline while gaining self- control with the rigorous daily routine. It work a lot like military camp - offenders are required to have short hair, shine their shoes, wear uniforms, do extensive physical exercise, and perform hard physical labor; at times, these are complemented with education or drug programming, but the major components of boot camps are military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work (Seiter, 2011, p. 130).Chapter 5:
1) What is the general mission of correctional agencies?
The primary function of prisons is to hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of one year or more, whereas convicted felons serving shorter sentences usually serve their time in local jails. A general mission statement among correctional agencies is to supervise criminal offenders during the period of their sentence, protect the public, and offer pro-grams that assist in the rehabilitation of criminals.
2) How does the new penology affect the increase in the use of incarceration?
The new penology has led to longer sentences so there are more prisoners held in correctional agencies at specific periods. Moreover, the change in sentencing practices has sent more offenders to prison causing a crowding of cells.3) What three prisons were included in the Three Penitentary Act of 1891?
The act included the construction and operation of federal prisons in Leavenworth, Kansas (construction beginning in 1896), McNeil Island, Washington (constructed from 1892 to 1895), and Atlanta, Georgia ( construction completed in 1899).4) Discuss the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 and the results
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time available to federal offenders. This has led to almost 500% increase in inmate population.5) Describe the physical security factors that go with prison security levels (minimum, medium, maximum)
Minimum- security institutions ( federal prison camps) have dormitory hous-ing, a relatively low staff- to- inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing. Medium-security prisons (also called federal correctional institutions) have double fences with electronic detection systems, mostly cells for housing, and an even higher staff- to- inmate ratio than low- security prisons. High- security institutions (U. S. penitentiaries) have highly secure perimeters (featuring walls or reinforced fences), cell housing, high staff- to- inmate ratios, and close control of inmate movement within the prison (Seiter, 2011, pp. 150-151).6) Describe the most controversial issues in the use "for-profit" private companies to house inmates.
There have been serious concerns on the costs, benefits and quality of service that private companies offer. Moreover, there are ethical concerns that need to be dealt with.7) Compare and contrast the federal and state prison systems
State prison systems deal with offenses which are often categorized as street crimes such as murder, robbery, assault, theft and many others. On the other hand, federal prison systems deal with federalized crimes such as bank robbery, kidnapping, murder of public officials, drug distribution, etc.8) Based on information from this chapter regarding the future of private prisons, what is youyour opinion of the success of the institutions?
While it is true that private prisons provide advantages, it is important for the government to regulate companies contracting for this service to ensure that the goals of correction are upheld.Chapter Six1) Term of release implemented by Alexander Macinochie on the Norfolk Island penal colony.
Inmates can earn marks through work, program participation, and good behavior. Once inmates were able to meet the required mark, they can then be granted with the ticket of leave.2) Describe the four stages of release implemented by Sir Walter Crofton in the Irish System.
The Irish system, had four stages: solitary confinement (which took about 9 months and put an emphasis on punishment), special prison (allowed prisoner to interact with other inmates in order to earn marks), open institution (a transitional stage wherein prisoners are prepared for life outside the prison), and ticket of leave (conditional release which can be revoked in case of violation of the conditions for release).
3) How did Elmira Refamatory move toward the implementation of system parole and the medical model
Inmates were classified which then allowed them to earn privileges for their work and good behavior. Once inmates demonstrated reformation, prison administrators had the authority to condition-ally release them to be supervised by state agents in the community.4) How did the Martinson findings of "nothing works" impact the use of parole and the medical model.
Martinson`s findings provided statistical support for arguments calling for the return of deterministic sentences.5) Compare and contrast parole, supervised manodatory release, and unconditional mandatory release
Discretionary parole refers to the release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by a parole board. On the other hand, supervised mandatory release is a type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are then released, but with a period of supervision to follow. Unconditional mandatory release is a type of release in which inmates serve the full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison
6) Name and describe the two types of parole conditions 
The two conditions for parole are standard and special conditions. Standard conditions are a requirement for all parolees while special conditions take into consideration the risks and needs of a particular parolee.7) List the due process rights prescribed by Morrissey v. Brewer decision 
According to this case, the parolee must: have advance written notice of the alleged violation and the evidence of the violation; have the opportunity to attend the hearing and present witnesses and documentary evidence; have the right to confront and cross- examine adverse witnesses; a right to be heard by a neutral and detached body; receive a written decision of the hearing body, as well as the evidence relied upon to revoke the parole.Critical Thinking 
In order to address this question, we must first identify what types of prisoners we will serve. For the purpose of discussion, I would like to serve low-security prisoners, those who are will be released in about 1-6 years. Typically, these are people who have been involved in street crimes - robbery, murder, theft, etc. These are the people who are typically suffering from drug addiction or poverty.
With the conditions I have set above, I think that these are the prisoners which are in need of rehabilitation. For the programs, I will look at introducing livelihood skills to these prisoners so that they can have a way of earning when they go out of prison. I might also consider having life skills trainings for these groups so that they can reintegrate with the community and leave behind the prison culture. I would like the facility to be docile, but I think that this will be pretty hard to expect at first. So I will create a step-by-step program, perhaps like Maconochie`s mark system so that inmates will have the incentive to behave well. Aside from this, they have to undergo training in each phase in the program, for example, for the first few months, they will be oriented on the system of the prison so they know the rules and avoid getting penalized. Then they can an official orientation on how the system works in every stage, this way, there is no room for speculation and inmates will have a "target" to meet. This process alone is already empowering because it helps prisoners realize the power of "vision". At the end of the process, it is important to have a debriefing, a seminar/workshop which will help soon-to-be-realeased prisoners to plan for their lives outside so that once they are released, they know exactly what they need to do. They have a new "vision" which, hopefully, can take them into a new (and better) future.
At present, I am unable to estimate the cost of running this facility but it is important for me to keep the costs low for efficiency. This means that there will be prison industries, if there is enough space, then maybe we can have an organic farm in the prison. Our inmates will then eat our own produce, this way, we keep food costs low. We will also train our inmates on how they can maintain a household. We will teach them plumbing, carpentry, etc., skills they can use when they get out of the facility.Chapter Seven:1) What has been the primary factor in the growth in the number of individuals under correctional supervision over the past twenty years?
The use and sale of drugs is one of the primary reasons for the increase in the number of crimes inside the prison2) Compare the increase in females vs. males in terms of the number under correctional supervision
According to research, there are about 93% of prisoners are males. 3) What percentage of people arrested for violent felonies are male?
As of 2007, 81.75% of people arrested for violent felonies are male.4) Why are women now sentenced similarly to male offenders?
Research show that women offenders had the same characteristics as their male counterparts. Moreover, more women are committing crimes so they are no longer receiving special treatment in sentencing.5) What percentage of the prison population is female?
As of 2008, 7.2% of prisoners were females.6) List some of the special problems faced by female inmates.
Many female inmates were victims of physical and sexual abuse before incarceration. They are also mothers of minor children and may have little to no education. They may suffer from alcohol and drug use. They may suffer from psychological problems and will require several programs to help them in integrating with the society after their release. 7) Describe the challenge facing women prisioners as mothers
A good number of female prisoners lived with their children prior to incarceration, hence these children were then sent to foster homes. Children`s visits to prisons are pretty rare. Many women get incarcerated while they are pregnant. Because of the abuse they have suffered before their imprisonment, many of these women have very little experience in parenting.8) What was the impact in the Barefield v. Leach and Pargo v. Elliot court cases on programming for female inmates
It afforded female prisoners with the same rights as male prisoners. It provided women with vocational trainings, work opportunities, and access to facilities, programs and services which are available for their male counterparts.
Chapter Eight:1) What trends have resulted from the rates of crime over the past decade?
The increase in crimes perpetrated by juveniles has led to the creation of the juvenile justice system and a separate juvenile court. Its main aim is to provide guidance (through corrective action) to the youth so that they can grow up as contributors to the community.
2) List three possible theories for the rise of juvenile violent crime between 1988 and 1944.
The emergence of crack cocaine, the increase in the use of armaments in poverty stricken areas and the proliferation of juvenile gangs have caused the increase in crimes in 1988-1944.3) How did the term "super predator" develop, and what does it mean for the future of juvinile violent crime 
The increasing urban crimes perpetrated by juveniles has led to public fear of gangs. The term "superpredator" describes a generation of youth who practice indiscriminant violence in the urban streets.4) What is a waiver to adult courts, and why are some juvenile offenders handled in adult criminal courts rather than juvinille courts?
Waiver to adult courts are used when offenses of juveniles are serious. Through this waiver, juveniles may serve jail when sentenced. 5) What are the four categories of juvenile offenders and how are each managed in the juvenile justice system?
Dependen...