Chapter 2 - The Molecules of Cells

Chapter 2-The Molecules of Cells Name Institution Date 2.1 Learning Outcomes Basic Chemistry 1. Describe how protons, neutrons, and electrons relate to atomic structure Chapter 2 1.1 Atoms are the smallest particle in which an element can be divided without losing its chemical properties, and are made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. Protons (which are positively charged) and neutrons aregrouped in the center of the atomforming the atomic nucleus of the atom and both are each 1 amu. Electrons (which are negatively charged) orbit around the nucleus of the atom.The atomic number indicates the number of protons present in an atom, which is equal to that of electrons, while the mass number is thesum of protons and neutrons that an element contains. 2. Understand how to interpret the periodic table of elements.  Chapter 2 1.2 The chemical elements that have similar characteristics are placed together, and understanding how the horizontal columns (period) and vertical columns (groups) influence the placement of elements is important. The elements are divided into metals, non-metals and noble gases, while each cell has atomic number, the atomic weight, and the atomic structure. The elements are also identified by other criteria such as alkaline elements. 3. Describe how variations in an atomic nucleus account for its physical properties. Chapter 2 1.3 Some isotopes of an element are unstable or radioactive, and it is the addition of neutrons that create isotopes causing that then have different masses. 4. Identify the beneficial and harmful uses of radiation Positive Chapter 2 1.4 “biologists use radiation to date objects from our distant past, to create images, and to trace the movement of substances in the body” Imaging the body’s organs and tissues Negative Radioactive substances in the environment can harm cells, damage DNA, and cause cancer.2.2 Learning Outcomes Molecules and Compounds  1. Describe how elements are combined into molecules and compounds.  Chapter 2 2.1 When two or more atoms that are bonded together they form a molecule and bonded together form the same element. Atoms are joined to form elements and a compound is formed by the combination of 2 or more elements in fixed proportions and are held together by either ionic or covalent bond, and the elements can be different. 2. List the different types of bonds that occur between elements. Chapter 2 2.2 * Ionic * Covalent * Metallic bonds 3. Compare the relative strengths of ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds. Chapter 2 2.3 Covalent bonds are the strongest, while hydrogen and ionic bonds are weaker in aqueous solutions and in a solid compound, ionic bonds are strong.2.3 Learning Outcomes Chemistry of water 1. Evaluate which properties of water are important for biological life. Chapter 2 3.1 Cohesion and adhesion enhance water transport in plants and transport in blood vessels. Cohesion is attraction between unlike molecules, and in water it is the hydrogen bonds that cling together while in adhesion molecules of the same kind stick to one another. 2. Identify common acidic and basic substances. Chapter 2 3.2 Acids are substance that to form hydronium (H30) ions when dissolved in water. Vinegar, and bases contain or form hydroxide (OH) ions when dissolved in water. Common acids include lemon juice and vinegar. Common bases include ammonia water, bleach, limewater, soap, sodium bicarbonate– (baking soda), toothpaste, and cleaning agents. 3. Describe how buffers are important to living organisms.  Chapter 2 3.3 Buffers neutralize the strong acids and bases, which helps to maintain the pH fairly within the normal limits. For living organisms, this helps to maintain a constant internal environment (homeostasis) and blood is the most common buffer.2.4 Learning Outcomes Organic Molecules 1. Compare inorganic molecules to organic molecules. Chapter 2 4.1 Inorganic molecules constitute nonliving matter and are small molecules. Organic mol...