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Academic Review Rios (2011) Student’s Name Institution Course Instructor Date Introduction Racial discrimination has been a systemic issue affecting all sectors of governance and different age groups. Rios (2011) focused on how the United States government was policing the lives of Latino and Black boys. When children attend schools, their guardians and the state have high expectations of them. These children often see themselves as future scientists, engineers, doctors, and other valuable career roles. However, traumatic experiences and unfavorable conditions push teenagers into rethinking the course of their lives. Victor Rios grew up as a ghetto boy in Oakland and was a former juvenile delinquent and a gang member. He was raised in a neighborhood where teenage boys were exposed to gunfire and prison life by law enforcement authorities. However, he managed to shun all these challenges and work hard to join a higher-learning institution. In his book, Rios details how the lives of young adults are conveyed and criminalized within the criminal justice system. Thematic Analysis Criminalization and Surveillance The lives of Black and Latino boys in Oakland, California, are entangled in systems of surveillance and punishment. Rios illustrates how these youth are constantly monitored and policed, not only by law enforcement but also by schools and community institutions. The hatred between White police officers and the Black community is evident in this book. Historically, white police officers assumed that all Black men were into crime unless proven innocent. On the other hand, Black men assumed that White police officers aimed at arresting or killing them even when they were innocent (Schwartz, 2020). This belief had perpetuated most conflicts between law enforcement officers and Black teenagers in Oakland. The belief extended to Latino boys because they are a minority community and identify with the socioeconomic challenges of the Black community. Rios's (2011) study shows that this surveillance extends beyond the obvious interactions with police officers to more subtle forms of control exercised by teachers, probation officers, and other authority figures. The consequences of this continuous scrutiny are profound, contributing to a cycle of criminalization that begins early in their lives and often continues into adulthood. Resistance and Resilience The...