How the differing reproductive & life history patterns of these two groups of fishes (Chondrichthyes and bony fishes) are impacted by fisheries and what are the biological and fisheries implications of fishing species with a given reproductive/life history pattern.

Differing Reproductive and Life History Patterns of Chondrichthyes and Bony Fishes Student Full Name and Student Number The life and reproductive life history of Chondrichthyes and bony fishes is not well-researched in the existing scholarly evidence. In distinct ways, fisheries impact different Chondrichthyes' and bony fishes' reproductive and life history patterns. Chondrichthyes species predominantly lay eggs since the embryo primarily develops externally. On the contrary, bony fish bears live offspring as they develop within the mother until delivery. Accordingly, it is well-established that lifestyle and water depth have a non-significant or weak relationship with the reproductive modes of egg-layers and live-bearing species. This implies that fisheries disrupt the reproductive ground for Chondrichthyes and bony fishes, irrespective of whether they are pelagic or demersal species. Chondrichthyes, such as sharks and rays, used to lay eggs near or on the ocean floor initially, and subsequent species spread out into the open waters’ habitat. In contrast to bony fish, Chondrichthyes do not lay pelagic floating eggs, which implies that in addition to fisheries, live-bearing might have augmented diverse generations of Chondrichthyes to colonize pelagic environments1. Bony fishes are characterized by sexual plasticity, which allows for induced or natural sex change or reversal at different stages of their life cycle. The fishing industry significantly contributes to ocean acidification by disrupting aquatic life. When bony fish are exposed to environmental stressors and different hormonal treatments, they are likely to have physiological responses, such as male-induced populace, intersex, and male-skewed populace, particularly in the Apistogramma genus. Research indicates that bony fishes’ reproductive patterns, such as sex determination, can be affected by external variables including but not limited to social behavior introduced via sex reversal, pH, and temperature2. Fisheries have been demonstrated to result in lower pH and interfere with ocean temperatures condu...