Psychology Article Critique

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Table of Contents
Part A
1 Functionalism Approach in Sultans View……………………………………...3
2 The Psychology of Gestalt…………………………………………………..….3
3 Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis…………………………………………….....4
4 Behaviorisms according to John B. Watson…………………………………....5
5 The Behavioral Approach……………………………………….…………..….5
Part B
1 Humanistic Psychology……………………………………………………….….6
2 Cognitive Approach……………………………………………………………...6
3 The Sociocultural Perspective……………………………………………………7
4 Evolutionary Perspective………………………………………………………...7
5 Biopsychological Perspective……………………………………………………7
6 Neurons and Nerves……………………………………………………………..7
7 Central and peripheral nervous system and its Functions……………………….8
8 The Brain functions and its Structures…………………………………………..8
9 The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)……………………………………….9
10 CT Scans and EEG………………………………………………………………9
The Electroencephalography (EEG)……………………………………………10
Reference List…………………………………………………………………..11
PART A
Functionalism Approach in Sultans View
According to this author, Functionalism is a theory that engages the mind in contemporary psychology. I made a choice of this article since I wanted to establish the connections between behaviorism and identity. This theory is to a larger extent developed as a substitute for both the behaviorism and the identity theory of the mind. According to our course textbook, this principles main purpose is to determine the mental state of an individual as constituted entirely by its functional role, in other words they are fundamental relations aligned to other mental states such as the sensory inputs and the behavioral outputs. The textbook also highlights that functionalism can be described as a basic doctrine that studies the modern cognitive science. The brain according to scientists can be equaled to a pipe organ, or a computer that has been furnished to act like a robot.
Muhammad in his article intrigues the fact that the multiple levels of a mental state are identified by a functional role since they have the capacity to manifest various systems as long as all the functions are properly coordinated. Several claims have been lodged over the insufficiency of the accounts of the mind. Functionalism emerged from Titchener theory that was ascribed to structuralism. Titchener in his argument alleged that without proper investigations of a mental structure and its functions, the functionalist analysis was considered incomplete (Sultan Muhammad, 2009). Through this view, psychologist developed some interest in the functions of the mind. The functionalist theory was considerably impacted by the brains and works of William James and Titchener
The contents of these articles however differed with the textbook when William James considered psychology as one that underlines the principles of functionalism. The functionalist theory differs with the opinions that suppose that the elements of consciousness are futile. These theorists also believed that the mind has the capacity to help an individual adapt to a particular environment (Sultan Muhammad, 2009). The articles also agree on the fact that understanding behavior is essential to knowing the needs and motivations of organisms. In my view, the principles of functionalism are that the brain of an individual and a computer is well-matched in function.
The Psychology of Gestalt
Gestalt psychology bases its observation on the fact that human beings experience things that are not in any way part of a simple sensation. I choose this article in order to discover and determine the reason why we tend to perceive motions even in the event where there are no rapid sequences of sensory events. In the course work and according to the textbook we identified the emphases that are designated to this theory that underlined the fact that a whole of anything is greater than all its parts. In a nutshell, the attributes of something that is whole may not be deduced from an analysis of its parts even when isolated (Iguchi, Misawa, Kimura, & Daido, 2009). This psychology also encompasses the qualities of form, value, and meaning that have been ignored by other psychologists or assumed not as a science.
According to the textbook, if an individual sees what is not there, chances are they are either having an illusion or a hallucination. It is explained that chances are in that instance an individual sees the effects of a whole event that is not contained in the sum of its parts. An illustration is given to support this doctrine, where an individual may see a string of lights even though only a single light is on. The article also confirms that this happens mainly because the whole circumstance is contained in a relationship among the single light that is experienced. It is against this principle that it can be summed up that individuals are build and structured to experience an ordered whole, as well as a sensation (Iguchi, Misawa, Kimura, & Daido, 2009).
Through this, both the text book and the article slightly agree that human beings tend to have the tendency to even add more structures to an event that does not have any gestalt structural quality. Gestalt laws indicate that individuals are driven to experience substances in a good and gestalt state as possible. In this case, the article summarizes this by indicating that good could mean different things such as symmetry, orderly, regular, simplicity and so on, factors that refer to the gestalt laws (Iguchi, Misawa, Kimura, & Daido, 2009).
Freud’s theory of Psychoanalysis
In this theory, Freud seeks to point out whether psychoanalysis ought to be considered as an immense ideal in personality. Psychoanalysis is based on a concept that believes that people are usually unaware of the factors that cause behavioral and emotional changes. Choosing this article reveals a great deal about things concerning Freud’s theory (Gabrinetti, & Özler, 2014). According to the textbook, the unconscious factors have the capacity to induce elements of unhappiness, which can be expressed in a noticeable symptom such as a disturbing personality trait, a problem relating to other people, issues with the esteem or even general disposition.
According to the textbook, Freud is considered the first psychoanalyst who recognized the importance of unconsciousness in the mental activity. Freud’s theory mainly focuses on the inner workings of the human mind. In Freud’s tenets of psychoanalytic theories, he explains three forces of the psychical apparatus, the id, ego, and the superego (Gabrinetti, & Özler, 2014). On the Id, Freud explains that this apparatus has the ability of being unconscious and in this event; it contains all the inherited aspects that are present during birth.
The article however explains that the ego has the capacity of being conscious and is liable for controlling the demands of the id together with its instincts. The ego is aware of the stimuli’s that serve as a link between an id and the world. In addition to this, the ego is believed to be often stimulated by flight or adaptation, and regulates the activities in an individual to achieve pleasure and avoid instances of displeasure.
It is in this accord that both the article and the textbook agree that the superego, managed by the id, is responsible for constraining satisfaction and representing the influences of others, for instance, parents, teachers, and other role models. It is against this apparatus that Freud develops a theory that explains the ultimate cause of all human behavior (Gabrinetti, & Özler, 2014). Lastly, the books used both summarize that the basic instincts in his theory are Eros and the death instinct. The Eros serves the purpose of preserving unity through relationships while the death instinct undoes connections and unity through destruction.
Behaviorisms according to John B. Watson
Behaviorism in psychology is a movement in philosophy that disintegrates the outward behavioral elements of thought and dismisses the inward empirical (Hall, 2009).This tenet is ascribed to John B. I choose this article to discover the genesis of behaviorism in animals and human beings. According to the textbook, Watson, attempted to make the consciousness a subject of investigation, Watson in his approach made propositions that pulled my interest in this article that psychology should make observations on organisms like animals and man and how they adjust to the environment with his second view stating that certain stimuli have the capacity to lead organisms to make different responses (Hall, 2009).
The article points to the fact that Watson strived towards making behavior the object point of any experimental investigation in the study of human psychology. According the textbook, the central tenets of his theory of behaviorism revolves around the scientific relationship between the environmental contingencies and behavior and sidelines the assumed contents of the consciousness (Hall, 2009). In short, his theory focused on observing the effects of behavior upon a manipulation by a stimulus.
The Behavioral Approach
This approach creates a distinction in understanding the motivation that drives both the learned and the unlearned behaviors including their incentives. The drive as prescribed in this theory incorporates the unlearned concepts and the learned drives. This is solely the reason why I choose this article. Based on the fact that living organisms have physiological needs that need to be met for these organisms to survive, for instance, the need for food, water, rest and so on (Trimboli, Marshall, & Keenan, 2013).These needs have to be addressed in order to maintain a living organism’s homeostasis.
The textbook exemplifies this fact by stating that in the event when an organism's homeostatic state is disrupted; a state of tension is experienced referred to as the unlearned drive. When this tension is caused as a result of hunger, the result is referred to as hunger drive and can only be resorted by allowing that organism to have food. On the other hand, the article explains that the reduction of this drives creates a re‐established homeostasis that results from the consequences of a psychological need that is unmet (Trimboli, Marshall, & Keenan, 2013). This impels the organism to reduce or eliminate such drives by responding to the need.
It is imperative to consider the fact that both the article ascertains that this drives may be learned. For instance, fear is a secondary drive that can be learned in the event of a condition. It is upon this background that external stimuli have the ability to motivate behavior (Trimboli, Marshall, & Keenan, 2013). Through this, the article sums up this idea that human beings as well as animals have the a...