Health Programs Raising Awareness for the Consequences of Early Sexual Onset

Annotated Bibliography
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Bersamin, M. M., Walker, S., Waiters, E. D., Fisher, D. A., & Grube, J. W. (2005). Promising to Wait: Virginity Pledges and Adolescent Sexual. J Adolesc Health., 36 (5), 428-436.
Study
The study was conducted by Melina Bersamin, Samantha Walker, Elizabeth Waiters, Deborah Fisher, and Joel Grube in 2005 and aimed at finding out the association between formal and informal pledges of to virginity and the initiation of genital play, oral sex, and vaginal intercourse among adolescents. The approaches for the study included logistics regressions that were used to control age, gender, race, expectancies, academic achievement, contraceptive education, and peer pledging behaviour that is perceived. In addition, parental and peer attitudes were also to find out the relationship between pledging behaviour and sexual activity including intercourse. The authors conducted their research on 870 adolescents that were age between 12-16 years who came from 10 different counties in the North and South Carolina. It was revealed that making a private pledge or promise to abstain until one was older reduce the incidence of early sexual activity even when socio-demographic factors were controlled with no effect from formal pledges. The conclusion here was that establishing sexual health programs that encourage young people to commit to delaying sexual onset, foster norms that support sexual delay, and raise awareness of the likely consequences of early sexual onset.
Ferreira, A., Young, T., Mathews, C., Zunza, M., & Low, N. (2013). Strategies for Partner Notification for Sexually Transmitted Infections, including HIV. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.Systematic ReviewThe systematic review was done by Ferreira A, Young T, Mathews C, Zunza N, and Low N in 2013 as an assessment to establish the effects of different strategies of Partner Notification (PN) among individuals with Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STIs) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Several electronic databases were searched, and these included CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE form the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials including trial registries. In addition, potential studies and past reviews were scanned including contacting experts in the field. The criteria for selection included both published and unpublished Randomized Controlled Studies (RCTs) and quasi-RCTs and comparing two or more than two PN strategies. The review used for main PN strategies that are patient referral, expedited partner therapy, provider referrals, and contract referrals. The data analysis was per paired partner referral strategies and organized according comparisons organized according to the PN strategies and each strategy compared to the basic patient referral and then compared to each other. The mean difference was calculated for continuous outcome measures and the risk ratio for dichotomous variables. Meta-analyses were conducted here appropriate, and sensitivity analyses and the risk bias and data extraction don independently. 26 trials were conducted with 17, 578 participants (9015 women and 8563 men) with five trials being done in developing countries and only tow among individuals with HIV. The conclusion was no optimal approach exists for PN for all participants. However, combining trials for STIs that lead to urethritis or cervicitis the expedited partner therapy was successful in preventing re-infection, but was less superior to enhanced patient referral strategy.Shepherd, J. P., Frampton, G. K., & Harris, P. (2011). Interventions for Encouraging Sexual Behaviours Intended to Prevent Cervical Cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 13 (4). Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001035.pub2.Systematic ReviewHPV is the main risk factor in cervical cancer. There is an increasing incidence of HPV and other STIs among young people indicate the need to establish effective behavioral interventions. The review was done to establish the effectiveness of behavioral interventions for young women to promote sexual behaviors that are safe and that prevent transmission of STIs and cervical cancer. Cochrane Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Cochrane Gynecological Cancer Review Group (CGCRG) specialized register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, psychINFO, TRoPHI, and Social Science Citation Index. These were used to conduct the systematic searches by the three authors Shepherd J.P., Frampton G.K., and Harris P in 2011. RCTS of behavioral interventions for women up to the age of 25 years were used as the selection criteria. This included the provision of information on STIs transmission and prevention and the trials measured behavioral and biological outcomes. Narrative synthesis was conducted with a total of 5,271 references screened and only 23 RCTs meeting the inclusion criteria. They concluded that behavioral interventions were effective especially those promoting condom useJustificationSTDs or STIs refers to a variety of clinical syndromes that are caused by pathogens that are acquirable and transmittable through sexual activity (Workowski & Berman, 2010). STDs are not only a cause of acute morbidity but may result into complications. These complications might lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancy, premature mortality, low birth weight, congenital syphilis and fetal wastage, premature births, cervical cancer and ophthalmia neonatorum. STIs are caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites and there are more than 25 different types of STIs that can affect both men and women. There are about 499 million new cases every year of curable STIs (Trichomoniasis, Chlamydia, Syphilis and Gonorrhea) and two to three million new cases of HIV occur. The presence of different STIs including syphilis and herpes can increase the risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV. Chlamydia is the commonest reportable STD and if untreated can result into sterility in both men and women. There are different methods of preventing infections with STDs, and the most common include; know your sexual partners and limit the number. The sexual history of one's partner is as important as one's own and more the sexual partners increase STD contraction risk. Moreover, there is the use of a latex condom as it decreases the chances of contracting an infection. Avoid risky sexual practices and behaviors and getting immunization for Hepatitis B and some forms of HPV. In the study conducted by Melina et al. (2005), they studied 870 adolescents who were of the age ...