The Various Modes of Smoking that Include Tobacco

The Various Modes of Smoking that Include Tobacco
Introduction
In this module, there paper presents six academic peer reviewed paper on smoking at its related health and behavioural effects. Additionally, the references relate to value-expectancy theories, perceived threat and fear appeal theories, and stage model theories in health promotion. There are various modes if smoking that include tobacco, hookah, and tobacco which affect both male and female of all ages. At the highest risk are pregnant women, the aged, and the young – who misuse the hookah for luxury and fun. The literature provides different peer-reviewed sources an all the topics.
All Peer-Reviewed Sources
Baskaran, V., Murray, R. L., Hunter, A., Lim, W. S., & McKeever, T. M. (2019). Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 14(7), e0220204. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0220204.
Baskaran et al. (2019) aim to establish if tobacco exposure predisposes to contacting Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in adults. The author conducts a systematic review to quantify the association between exposure to tobacco and the development of Community-Acquired Pneumonia and whether the amount of tobacco one is exposed to influences susceptibility to Community-Acquired Pneumonia. They search various medical databases, including Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, PsychINFO, and MEDLINE, to distinguish case-control and associate examinations and report following the Systematic Reviews and Allowed Reporting Items and Analysis (PRISMA) agenda. The survey convention was enlisted with the PROSPERO data set. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale surveyed concentrates on quality. Pooled chances proportions or danger proportions were assessed utilizing an irregular impacts model. The study establishes a relationship between acquiring Community-Acquired Pneumonia in ex-smokers and current smokers and a substantial dose-relationship for only current smokers. Additionally, the risk of developing Community-Acquired Pneumonia is higher in passive adult smokers aged 65 years and above. The study was careful only to involve participants who have strictly Community-Acquired Pneumonia and no other forms of pneumonia such as aspiration pneumonia, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and active pulmonary TB. A significant limitation of the study was the inability of the study to distinguish between current smokers and ex-smokers. However, the study is efficient in providing a solid background for recommending smoking cessation and educating on the importance of passive smoking practice by non-smokers.
Qasim, H., Alarabi, A. B., Alzoubi, K. H., Karim, Z. A., Alshbool, F. Z., & Khasawneh, F. T. (2019). The effects of hookah/waterpipe smoking on general health and the cardiovascular system. Environmental health and preventive medicine, 24(1), 1-17. https://environhealthprevmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12199-019-0811-y.
The authors, Qasim et al. (2019), discuss the health effects of waterpipe smoking as a growing trend among the youth who perceive it as an alternative to tobacco and perceive it to be less harmful. Apart from the less harmful perception, the study establishes common factors to the growing spread of hookah use in the United States as easy accessibility, social acceptance, peer pressure, availability of aromatic flavours, and socioeconomic status. The study borrows from other research to establish a relationship between the use of hookah and the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) determined by duration and frequency of exposure. Indeed, the authors note that hookah smoking is an arising pattern in the United States populace, particularly adolescents. The principal purposes behind this pattern are the misperception of hookah being less destructive than cigarettes and the accessibility of various engaging flavours. Hookah clients, in any case, are presented with many similar poisonous mixtures/results as cigarette clients, however, at emphatically more elevated levels, which could prompt more extreme negative wellbeing impacts. Hookah clients risk contaminations, tumours, lung sickness, and other ailments. Also, given the covering poison/substance profile to traditional cigarettes, hookah smoke impacts on the cardiovascular framework are believed to be tantamount to those of ordinary cigarettes. A significant wellspring of tobacco compulsion is nicotine, whose levels in hookah are very factor as they rely upon the kind of tobacco utilized. The study breaks the misconception that hookah is safer than tobacco by ascertaining that both have the same acute cardiovascular effects of higher systolic and mean elevated heart rate (HR) and arterial blood pressure. With minimal research on this area, the study is impactful in influencing more evidence-based research on the topic and educating youth to discourage hookah use.
Stock, S. J., & Bauld, L. (2020). Maternal smoking and preterm birth: An unresolved health challenge. PLoS Medicine, 17(9), e1003386. https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003386.
Stock & Bauld's (2020) study provides an investigation on maternal smoking as a constant cause factor of preterm birth, neonatal mortality, infant mortality, and neonatal morbidities. Maternal smoking is still high in Europe, at an acceptable prevalence of 8% compared to the global rate of 2%. Stock & Bauld (2020) elaborates on the existing association between women smoking during pregnancy and the occurrence of preterm births. This is, of course, influenced by the duration and frequency of smoking, with more cases of preterm birth and neonatal morbidity linked to women with a long smoking history during pregnancy. The study highlights the pregnancy period as an essential stage for introducing smoking cessation intervention. Proof from continuous preliminaries of promising adjuvant methodologies, for example, electronic cigarettes and monetary motivators, might be vital to working on quit rates; however, it will require political will to carry out if powerful. There are, notwithstanding, likely colossal advantages from lessening smoking during pre...