Global Business Cultural Analysis: Germany

Annotated Bibliography
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Annotated Bibliography
Alhyasat, K. M. (2012). The Role of Islamic Work Ethics in Developing Organizational Citizenship Behavior at the Jordanian Press Foundations. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 3 (2), 139-154.
This paper aimed at identifying the effect of Islamic work ethics had on the organizational citizenship behavior in press organizations in Jordan and identity is the most important factor in Islamic work ethics. the study used a field survey that used an analytical approach that was descriptive on seven Jordanian daily newspapers in 2010. Depending on the organization’s size, a certain sample of the top and executive management obtained using a random stratified sampling method and 66 questionnaires distributed to 30% of targeted managers and 15% of employees. means and standard deviations were utilized to respond to the questions in combination with single-factor analysis of variance and multiple regression analyses while percentages determined the community’s characteristics.
The results reveal that the level of commitment to Islamic ethics by the workers was high and a statistically significant effect of abiding by Islamic work ethics such as kindness while dealing with clients and employees, obedience to authority, and respecting job ethics. However, there was no statistical significance of abiding by the Islamic work ethics in citizenship behavior in the organization. The research involves components of organizational citizenship behavior that come from Islamic work ethics; therefore, such ethics can be incorporated in HR systems in different organizations. they can be part of the code of conduct that state the expected employee behavior.
Almond, P., Edwards, T., Colling, T., A, F., Gunnigle, P., Muller-Camen, M., et al. (2005). Unraveling home and host country effects: An investigation of the HR policies of an American Multinational in four European Countries. Industrial Relations, 44, 276-306.
The article provides an argument that the institutional effects of both the home and host country on employment policies and practice in MNCs should be analyzed using a framework that takes extra account of the multiple levels of embeddedness by the MNC. It should also consider the negotiation process at different levels in the firm. the article utilized a case study’s an in-depth analysis of the HR structure and industrial relations and the payment policies of a large MNC that is U.S.-owned in the IT sector across Germany, Ireland, Spain, and the U.K. and it attempts to move towards such a framework.
Emerson, T. L., & McKinney, J. A. (2010). Importance of Religious Belief to Ethical Attitudes in Business. Journal of Religion and Business Ethics, 1 (2), 1-17.
The paper revisits the role of religion in determining ethical attitudes. It utilizes a broad survey conducted on business professionals. These were sent to 10,000 randomly selected business leaders identified between 1993 and 2001 respectively. The survey probed the leaders on their importance of religious faith and related the response to the degree of acceptance or rejection of situations that were ethically questionable. They were asked to rate behavior acceptability on different scenarios (16) on a Likert-type scale and asked different questions to determine the demographic and firm/employer related information. Recent results reveal that professional that held their religious faith with high esteem were significantly rejecting behaviors that were ethically questionable. The authors found an estimate that there was a significant inverse relationship between acceptability of the ethically questionable behavior and degree of religious significance. They found out that other predictors of acceptability were age, gender, and the size of the firm. However, their theoretical and empirical work indicate that religion was an important determinant of ethical attitudes, and the empirical results indicated the importance of religion in an individual’s life was a stronger determinant that having a religious affiliation.
Hedderich, N. (2010). German-American Inter-Cultural Differences at the Workplace: A Survey. Global Business Languages, 164-172.
The article presents a research whose purpose was to determine the possible cultural differences that are related to the workplace. Interviews done via the telephone were used to collect the data, and these were later recorded for analytical purposes. The study had 8 subjects (4 males and 4 females) who were employed in German-American companies in the U.S. and had spent at least 4 months working continuously in a German company in Germany. The participants were requested for demographic, personal, and professional background information. In addition, they were requested to rate their proficiency in German on the day they arrived in the country. The participants also received an orientation regarding whether they worked and lived in Germany before or after arrival to assess their level of preparedness. Finally, the participants asked whether they had German contacts on a personal or professional level before departing from the country and were allowed throughout the interview to speak freely to avoid biases in cross-cultural issues by using open-ended questions.
The results revealed five major areas of difference in the German and American workplace, and these include a structured environment, social interaction, formality versus informality, language, and receptiveness towards non-native speakers. Therefore, cultural differences exist in workplaces in Germany in the above five areas, therefore, highlighting the need to prepare employees and interns for such differences in the workplace in future.
Hillman, A. (2007). Economic and Security Consequences of Supreme Values. Public Choice, 131, 259-280.
This article provides a discussion of the impact of radical Islam to own populations. The discussion focuses on own population, but the orientation and objectives of radical Islam that is external produce consequences to the larger society. The article provides data for comparison indicating the presence of natural resources (oil wealth) in Arab and Islamic societies that can provide significant amounts of income. From the data, the authors conclude that Arab and Muslim countries lacking oil posses lower incomes than their non-Muslim neighbors without similar natural resources. Growth has not reduced the gaps in income including in oil states that possess resources for investment. The lack of convergence indicates external technology has not been utilized internally. The indicators of human development reveal inferior outcomes than the per capita income predicted and from the moderate Islam, the supreme values contained in radical Islam de-prioritize economic achievement and impose self-deprivation on its own population.
Economic development theories suggest that beneficiaries often seek economic value. However, in supreme values demand economic deprivation when ongoing life is meaningless. Supreme values require each available resource to be directed to objectives that are of priority, donors, and international agencies can also not achieve the objectives for development. Radicalism accommodates temporary compromise if in the long-run the achievement of the supreme values is enhanced
Holst, E. (2006). Women in Managerial Positions in Europe: Focus on Germany. DIW Berlin Discussion Papers, 1-26.
This paper contains an analysis that is done in a detailed manner of the socioeconomic structure and the pay gap in relation to gender in managerial positions in Germany. It builds on a review from a perspective that is cross-sectional perspective of the progress of women in the country to high-ranking positions and the initiatives geared towards overcoming this ceiling. The article provides suggestions for improving the women’s situation to allow balanced gender participation in the economy and at the same time promote competitiveness nationally scale and in higher levels of wellbeing for the society.
Korioth, S. (2009). Religion and the Secular State in Germany. 320-330.
This article provides a discussion of religion and the secularism in Germany. the authors provide a historical background of religion in the country and how secularism is slowly creeping in and taking people away from their religious basis. They provide a theoretical and scholarly explanation of religion and its role in the present and past German society while highlighting the transformation that are occurring. they also provide the constitutional context of religion including the role state on religious autonomy. in addition, it provides arguments on religion and autonomy of the state and the legal context of religion among other factors as a general outlook of religion and development of secularism in Germany.
Lohmar, B., & Eckhardt, T. (Eds.). (2013). The Education System in the Federal Republic of Germany 2011/2012: A Description of the Responsibilities, Structures and Developments in Education Policy for the Exchange of Information in Europe. Eurydice, 23-64.
This article provides a general description of Germany’s education system and the proposed changes that are being made. It provides a description of the responsibilities of different stakeholders, the structures, and developments that are being implemented in the system that will promote information sharing in the European countries geared towards improving the quality of education in the whole European region.
Schettkat, R. (2002). Differences in US-German Time-allocation: Why Do Americans Work Longer Hours Than Germans? Discussion paper // Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschun, 1-18.
This discussion paper provides an examination on the ability to explain the differences in time allocation using the differences in the incentive structure. These include tax wages and differences in wages differentials as economically suggested. By analysing a unique time-use data, the analysis revealed that time allocation pattern differences can be explained using economic variables.
Schwartz, S., Zamboanga, B., Rodriguez, L., & Wang, S. (2007). The Structure of Cultural Identity in an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Emerging Adults. Basic & Applied Social Psychology, 29, 159-173.
this article presents a study designed for the examination of the cultural identity structure un the U.S. across certain variable and across people. Three hundred and forty-nine emerging-adult university students were ethically selected, and they completed orientation measures that were toward the American and heritage cultural practices, strategies of acculturation, collectivism, individualism, ethnic identity, independence and interdependence, and familism. Results of factor-analytic procedures across variables produced three cultural dimensions identities (American-culture identity, heritage-culture identity, and biculturalism). These were consistent in the largest ethnic groups contained in the sample (Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics). There were ethnic differences within the associations of identity that was based on cultural factors to familial, socialization that is ethnic, acculturative stress, and ethnic discrimination that was perceived. Cluster-analytic procedures ac...